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University  of  California. 


<  .  1  II  .  )  1- 


Alexander  Del  Mar. 


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FIRE  INSURANCE: 


J^  BOOK   OF 


INSTRUCTIONS 


FOR  THE  USE  OP  THE 


AGENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


C.    C.    HINE 


TENTH  THOUSAJn),  ENLARGED  AND  REVISED. 


1.  i  B  K  A  it  V 

UNIVEKSITY   OF  !, 

PUBLISHED  N^T^  THE  OJFICE  OF  THE  INSDItANCE  MONITOR. 

1870. 


cClO" 


ho_^6 


"  Eul«re(J  acconliiij:  to  Act  of  ConRre??,  in  the  year  1S7(),  by  AMfXANORH  Stodpart,  in  the  ClerkV  Otiice 
of  the  Uistrirt  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern  Uistriit  ..f  Nrw  Yorl< 


HIS  BOOK  is  Intended  for  a  working  hand- 
book, devoted  to  the  daily  practice  and 
duties  of  the  Agency,  rather  than  to  labored 
details  or  scientific  nnethods.  Every  paragraph  is  in- 
tended to  contain  some  valuable,  practical  suggestion; 
and  the  entire  work  is  connmended  to  the  careful  read- 
ing of  every  Agent,  in  the  hope  that  he  will  reduce  to 
practice  the  rules  here  laid  down,  for  the  mutual  good 
of  his  companies  and    himself. 

The  Book,  when  adopted  and  sent  out  by  a  company, 
is  as  binding  upon  the  Agent  who  receives  it  as  the 
WRITTEN  will  of  the  company  would  be;  and  it  is  im- 
portant that  Agents  be  familiar  with  these  rules  and 
regulations,  as  they  define  and  limit  their  authority,  and 
are  to  be  faithfully  adhered  to.  Any  wilful  violation  of 
them,  in  making  contracts  of  insurance,  would  render  the 
policies  liable  to  cancelment.  In  this  connection,  agents 
are  recommended  to  acquaint  themselves  with  the  Law 
of  Agency,  that  they  may  understand  their  liability  in 
case   of  loss  through   disobedience  of  instructions. 

Familiarity  with  the  Instruction  Book  will  also  save 
much  correspondence  and  delay,  as  Agents  will  find  here- 
in, answers  to  most  of  their  questions  and  solutions  of 
most  of  their  difficulties. 


(I'oIilFn  j^nl 


PS. 


A    Condensed   Manual   for    Daily    Pi^actice    in 
Fire    Insurance. 

(See  Extended  Remarks  on  these  topics  in  other  portions  of  the  Book.) 


rbinarg  I^a^arbs. 


1.  IS  THE  RISK  A  DESIRABLE  ONE?  Determine  this  from  its  con- 
struction, occupancy,  ownership,  moral  hazard,  exposures,  value,  other  insur- 
ance, and  the  rate  to  be  obtained. 

If  it   is  desirable,  then 

2.  TAKE  AN   APPLICATION. 
WRITE  THE  POLICY   IN  THE  RECORD  BOOK   FIRST. 
WRITE  THE  POLICY   ITSELF. 
SEND  "DAILY   REPORT"  THE  SAME  DAY. 
DELIVER  THE  POLICY  AND  COLLECT  THE  PR 


3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 


jSpprial  j^afariis* 


MIUM.  ^^   '» 


(> 


1.  SEE  No.   1,  ABOVE. 

2.  TAKE  AN  APPLICATION  ON  THE  PROPER  BLANK,  full  and 
complete,  Diagram  included,  and  send  it  to  head-quarters,  with  your  own 
views  of  the   risk. 

3.  DO  NOTHING  MORE  UNTIL  YOU  GET  AN  ANSWER.  The  com 
panies  are  always  willing  to  lose  Special  Hazards  that  cannot  await  this 
treatment. 

4.  If  a  favorable  answer  is  returned,  see   Nos.  3,  4,  5  and  6,  above. 
Thousands  of  Dollars  are   lost  every  month   by  the  omission  to  take  Appli- 
cations;  other  thousands  are  lost  because  Applications  are  carelessly  written. 

Objections  to   Applications  arise  from   one  of  four  causes:   ignorance,    un 
founded   prejudice,   laziness  or  incipient  fraud;  the  first  two  can   usually  be 
overcome  by  a  few  words  of  courteous  explanation  ;  the  last  two  give  warning 
of  an  undesirable  customer ! 


UNIVERSITY    OK 

^i^tt-s,  I     CALIFOK^NIA. 

III  almost  every  business  transaction  the  first  question  is,  "What  do 
you  ask?"  There  are  other  matters  of  great  interest,  hut  thi  chief 
concern  of  a purelmsar  is  to  hiioio  the 'prlee.  Hence,  the  consideration  of 
Kates  is  of  primary  importance,  and  cannot  receive  too  early  or  too 
careful  attention. 

There  are  two  approved  modes  of  treating  the  sul)ject.  One  is  to 
divide  risks  into  classes  and  fix  "  hasis  rates^''  to  which  various  additions 
are  made  for  designated  defects,  occupancies,  etc.  The  other  is  to  call 
each  risk  by  name  and  fix  a  specific  tariff  thereon.  As  most  in  harmony 
with  our  pur])ose,  we  select  the  latter;  thereby  avoiding  generalization 
and  meeting  directly  the  demands  of  agents  (specially  those  to  whom  the 
business  is  new)  for  specific  instructions  about  particular  things — our 
aim  being  to  reach  residts  rather  than  processes. 

Our  plan,  then,  will  be  to  treat  of  Dwklmng,  Mercantile,  and 
Special  iiisks  and  Rates,  each  by  name,  and  in  detail,  in  its  order.  If 
you*  wish  the  rate  on  a  brick  or  frame  Dwelling,  isolated  or  exj)osed,  for 
one  to  five  years,  turn  to  pages  8,  9,  &c.,  and  you  have,  in  the  concrete, 
all  that  seems  necessary  to  be  said  on  that  particular  topic.  So  of 
Mercantile  Iiisks,  Mills  and  Manufactories  under  their  appr(»|)riat(' 
headings.  This  plan  is  adopted,  not  because  it  is  necessarily  better  than 
any  otlier,  but  because  it  is  most  concise,  simple,  and  practical. 

Particular  attention  is  invited  to  the  division  on  Special,  Mameac- 
TURiNG  and  Miscellaneous  Hazards.  This  is  the  most  extended  and 
complete  treatment,  in  its  way,  that  these  risks  have  yet  received  ;  and,  it 
is  hoped,  will  ade([uately  meet  the  every-day  wants  of  agents.  It  will 
be  found  very  full  and  explicit — every  available  source  of  information 
having  been  laid  under  contribution,  and  all  that  could  be  ascertained  of 
each  particular  hazard  compiled.  It  has  thus  been  our  aim  to  study 
your  convenience,  and  furnish,  ready-made  to  your  hand,  figures  and 
suggestions  fitted  to  each  sort  of  risk.  Study  them  well  and  you  will  be 
furnished  with  the  needed  practical  information  for  a  correct  transaction 
of  the  business. 

*  Personal  Pronouns  will  be  freely  need  in  these  familiar  commnnications  to  Agents. 


Jlircllinj  iliiih^. 


Dwelliiiiis  have  proved,  by  experience,  to  be  most  desirable  and 
profitable  risks  wlien  obtained  at  reasonable  figures.  This  has  induced 
an  immense  com})etition  for  them,  and  a  great  reduction  in  rates,  not 
warranted  by  actual  results. 

[The  jrrcat  Troy  fire  of  1862  burned  over  50  acres,  destroyinpr  600  buildings,  worth 
$3,000,000,  and  exhausting  $1,363,770  of  insurance,  almost  exclusively  ripon  dwellings; 
swallowing,  in  an  hour,  the  profits  of  five  years  on  that  class  of  risks,  for  the  companies 
involved.  This  experience  was  repeated  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  great  Portland 
fire  of  July,  1866.] 

The  following  tariffs  are  constructed  with  a  view  to  the  true 
interests  of  both  insurer  and  insured  : 


Isolated  dwellings  occupied  by  owners,  C 

ce   from    all  -| 
exposures, / 


beyond  burning   distance 


Per  Annum. 

Class^ 

B,. 

.    .»5 

ClaMs 

i^,  . 

.    .    .45 

Cla»i!$ 

»,. 

.    .50 

For  rented  houses,  charge  extra  .05. 

On  fences  and  out-houses,  increase  the  rate  one-half. 

For  exposures,  charge  according  to  danger. 

ONE   TO   FIVE    YEARS. 

Occupied  by  owners,  and  detached  at  least  100  feet  from  all  exposures. 

[Dwellings  situated   less  than   100   feet    from   Mills,   Manufactories,   or  other  bad 
exposures,  must  not  be  taken  for  terms  longer  than  a  year.] 


Brick  or  Stone— Hoof  of  Metal,  Slate  or  Tile 

Hrirk  or  Stone — Hoof  of  Composition  or  Sliingles... 

Hrick  or  Stone,  with  Frame  Rear  or  Achlition 

Wood — Roof  of  Metal,  Slate  or  Tile 

Wood — Roof  of  Composition  or  Shingles '       50 


1  Year 

2  Years' 8  Years 

1 

4  Years 
1   10 

6  Years 

1 

35 

65 

85 

1  25  f 

45 

75 

95 

1  20 

1  40 

50 

80 

1  00 

1   30 

1  50 

45 

75 

95 

1  20 

1  40 

50 

80 

1  00 

1  30 

1  50 

•  See  "  Claesea  of  Buildings"  on  last  page. 


FARM      HAKNS,      OUIIIOUSES,      AND      CONTENTS. 

(When  insvred  in  connection  with  the  dvfUirxj  are  taken  by  some  companies   at  the  mme   Rate. 
Afcertain  tfiej^racUce  of  your  companies  on  thui  point  tjefore  adopting  this  or  any  otlier  questionable  rule.) 


Brick.  . 
Frame 


65 

75 

1  10 
1  20 

1  20 
1  50 

1  80 
1  95 

2  10 
2  25 

Will  be  taken  at  the  following  rates : 

Corn  in  Cribs — detached,  ,75, 

Barns  must  be  well  closed,  and  no  ITay,  Grain  or  Straw  stacked  near 
them  ;  otherwise  .'^5  must  be  added  to  Barn  Rates  both  for  the  IStacks 
and  the  Barns  they  expose. 

Barns,  or  their  contents,  or  Stacks  on  uncultivated  Prairies,  are  not 
insurable. 

Separate  Aaiounts  must  be  named  on  Hay,  Grain,  Implements, 
Wagons,  Carriages,  and  on  Live  Stock  at  so  much  per  heat  I ;  naming  an 
agreed  amount. 

Ligutning. — Agents  must  ascertain  the  practice  of  their  Companies 
in  regard  to  loss  by  Lightning,  and  act  accordingly ;  remend)ering  that 
in  no  case  are  they  authorized  to  alter  or  wame  the  'printed  conditions 
of  the  policy. 

On  T3arns  in  the  country,  without  lightning  rods,  charge  .1©  addi- 
tional. 

For  Hay-barns,  with  presses,  Livery-stables,  Hotel-barns,  etc.,  see 
Special  Rates  and  Remarks. 


Brick  Dwellings,  in  blocks,  free  from  frames  j  Class  B,  ,     ,   .50 
and  rear  exposures, |  ^<|.|^^  ^     ^    ^    ^55 

Frame  Dwellings,  in  ranges,  are  worth  ,50  for  each ;  i.  e.:  on  or  in 
two,  charge  1.00;  on  or  in  a  row  of  three,  1.50;  a  row  of  four.  2.00, 
and  so  on.  Risks  at  either  end  of  a  row  are  a  shade  better  than  in  tlie 
middle. 


10 


TnK  Chikf  Causes  of  Loss  in  Dwellings  are: 

1.  Defective   flues,     stoves,    pipes,    furnaces,    and    heating    apparatus 

generally. 

2.  Bad  Kerosene  and  its  careless  use. 

3.  Ashes. 

4.  Careless  servants. 

5.  Lamps,  candles,  matches. 

Always  take  Applications  for  dwellings  as  well  as  tor  other  risks ; 
to  he  flllcd  and  signed  hy  tlie  a})])lic*ant  in  all  cases. 

In  Jiiaking  the  survey,  give  special  attention  to  the  heating  and 
cooking  arrangements,  and  the  use  and  manner  of  keeping  kerosene,  for 
from  these  arise  the  great  bulk  of  fires  in  dwellings. 

Brick  Flues,  huilt  from  the  ceiling,  are  first-class  incendiaries !  Tlie  pipe  usually 
passes  close  to  the  wood  ;  the  slender  joists  art;  frequently  inadequate  to  the  weight ; 
the  slightest  yielding  of  the  supi)ort  causes  the  bricks  to  crack  or  separate,  and  creates 
an  aperture  through  which  sparks  or  flame  may  pass.  The  flue  usually  goes  through 
a  garret,  out  of  sight  and  inaccessible.  As  the  building  settles  or  shrinks,  and  the  wood 
becomes  dry,  cobw(;bs  and  dust  accumulate,  and  the  material  for  a  fire  is  prepared,  which 
the  first  spark — driven  through  tht;  cracked  tlue  by  any  gust  of  wind — may  generate. 
An  aggravation  of  this  style  of  architecture  is,  where  the  pipe,  instead  of  entering  the 
bottom  of  the  flue,  ])asses  through  the  ceiling  into  the  garret,  and  there,  with  an  dhow, 
enters  its  side  ;  this  arrangement  is  so  objectionable  as  almost  hopelessly  to  condemn  any 
risk  in  the  eyes  of  a  prudent  underwriter.  Another  desperate  feature  is,  where  these 
flues  are  partially  suj)ported  where  they  pass  the  roof  If  the  bottom  settles,  a  crack 
occurs  just  underneath  the  sheathing,  in  the  worst  possible  place  for  flame  or  sparks  to 
l)ass  out. 

If  flues  must  be  built  from  the  upj^-r  stories,  they  should  be  in  sight  their  whole 
length  ;  they  should  have  a  firm  and  adecjuate  support,  and  be  built  from  a  st(me  or  iron 
slab  having  a  hole  where  the  i)ii)e  may  pass  directly  into  the  bottom,  and  the  whole 
\\\\iy'.  should  be  in  sight.  They  should  be  free  where  they  jjass  the  roof,  and  rise  high 
enough  to  discharge  sjjarks  clear  of  the  shingles.  A  very  good  method  is  to  start  them 
a  few  inches  below  the  ceiling,  and  support  them  by  iron  straps  or  stirrups.  Another 
is,  to  build  them  from  a  post  resting  on  the  ground.  Tht^se  keep  the  point  of  connection 
between  flue  and  pii)e  always  in  sight,  which  is  a  very  important  consideration.  But 
even  the  best  arrangement  for  entering  the  flue  perpendicularly  is  dangerous  when  the 
chimney  takes  fire,  as  the  burning  soot  may  fall  out  at  the  bottom  and  fire  the  building. 

Decline  Risks,  where  stove-pi})es,  flues,  etc.,  are  not  in  satisfactory 
condition,  until  all  vital  defects  are  remedied. 


11 

Kitchen  chimneys  should  always  be  built  solid  from  the  ground. 

[And  so  should  all  otheks  !  ] 

Stoves  should  not  be  placed  nearer  to  wooden  or  latlied  i)artitions 
than  eighteen  or  twenty  inches,  and  should  have  zinc  or  brick  under- 
neath, to  protect  the  floor  from  falling  coals  and  aslies.  A  small  crack 
in  a  stove  may  start  a  fire — see  that  all  is  secure. 

Hot  Aib  Fuknaces  have  originated  many  fires,  through  defective 
constrnction  or  improper  arrangement  of  flues,  and  hot-aii-  pipes.  Ample 
room  should  l)e  had  in  which  to  erect  a  furnace ;  when  the  space  is 
cramped,  either  in  height  or  area,  an  imperfect  and  unsal'e  heater  is  the 
necessary  result.  Flues  for  smoke  or  hot  air  should  be  several  inches 
from  wood,  and  one  7'eijister — the  main  one,  if  j>racticable — should  be  so 
constructed  that  it  cannot  be  shut  at  any  time.  Registers  should  always 
be  laid  in  soapstone.  Much  careless  mechanism  is  indulged  in  the 
erection  of '' Heaters ; "  they  should  be  i)ut  up  only  by  careful  and 
experienced  men.  Plenty  of  head-room  must  be  secured  so  as  to  relieve 
the  floor  above  from  all  possible  danger.  The  cold  air  chand)cr  or 
feeder,  should  always  be  of  brick  or  metal,  and  never  of  wood.  Reverse 
currents  of  air.,  sometimes  created  by  unusual  winds  blowing  through 
open  doors  or  window's,  while  certain  registers  are  open  and  others  shut, 
will  set  wood  on  fire  in  a  very  few  minutes. 

If  hot  air-pipes  pass  up  in  plastered  partitions,  tlic  face  of  the 
studding  should  be  tinned  and  the  laths  made  of  sheet  iron,  otherwise 
the  utmost  danger  is  imminent. 

Stove  Pipes  must  have  careful  attention.  They  must  l»c  i>roperly 
supported  by  wires,  or  they  will  sag  open  and  let  the  sparks  out.  Long 
jnpes  should  be  riveted  at  the  joints.  AVhere  they  pass  partitions  <tr 
floors  a  double  tin  thimble  or  suitable  crock  must  be  provided,  and  tlicy 
should  never  approach  nearer  than  six  inches  to  any  wood  work. 

A  stove  pijie  thrust  througli  a  window,  or  side  of  a  house,  condemns 
the  risk  unconditionally,  until  reformed. 

Pipe  Holes,  not  in  use,  must   be  securely  covered  with  metal  caps. 

Wooden  Fikeboakds,  in  front  of  unused  fireplaces  and  grates, 
specially  if  there  are  fires  above  or  below  in  the  same  chimney,  are 
very  dangerous,  and  have  been  held,  by  some  companies,  to  render  a 
risk  uninsurable. 


12 

AsuKS  should  never  be  taken  up  in  a  wooden  box  or  bucket ;  they 
sliould  stand  in  metal  or  earthenware  until  cold,  and  then  be  removed 
:i  safe  distance.  The  careless  disposition  of  ashes  has  occasioned  a  great 
many  tires. 

A  Raff  and  cheap  depository  for  ashes  is  made  by  digging  a  pit  in  the  yard  that  can 
be  covered  wth  metal  or  a  stone  slab. 

Kindlings  ])iled  under,  on  or  "  around  the  stove  to  dry  for  morning," 
often  bui-n  before  their  time,  and  destroy  a  dwelling.  Discourage  the 
practice. 

Kkkoskne  for  Kini)Lin(;  ! — Incredible  as  it  may  seem  there  are 
])lenty  of  stupid  servants  that  loill  emph)y  this  deadly  agent  to  "liurry 
up"  the  fire.     One  woman  per  day  is  sacrificed  by  it — burned  to  death  ! 

Kerosene  is  the  2>^'07ninent  incendiary  of  the  i^resent  hour!  and 
"  Lamp  Explosions"  are  the  daily  results  of  the  adulterated  stuff  that  is  sold 
for  illuminating  purposes.  Let  agents  everywhere  unite  to  give  informa- 
tion, and  s])read  precautions  that  may  save  valuable  life  and  property. 

Caution. — Clean  and  fill  lamps  by  daylight  only. 

Caution  Extra. — Tender  no  circumstances  permit  a  lani})  to  be  filled 
while  it  is  burning.  This  book  could  be  crowded  with  the  history  of 
maimings  and  deaths  caused  by  foolhardy  disregard  of  this  caution. 

Caution  XX. — Keep  your  oil  where  it  cannot  be  reached  and  upset 
by  children  ;  nor  wasted,  and  worse  than  wasted,  by  careless  servants. 

Better  keep  it  under  lock  and  key. 

Lamp  Explosions  are  often  caused  by  blowing  down  the  chimney  to 
extinguish  the  light ! 

Jointed  Gas  Burners  in  doorways,  windows,  etc.,  are  frequently 
turned  against  the  vwod^  setting  it  on  fire. 

Gas  Metres. — Never  approach  a  disordered  gas  metre  with  a  lighted 
candle.  Unless  you  understand  precisely  what  the  metre  needs  you  had 
better  send  for  the  plumber,  and  endure  the  inconvenience  and  delay, 
rather  than  risk  your  life  and  property. 

^LvTcHEs  should  be  kc])t  in  metal  or  earthen  safes,  away  from 
children  and  mice — they  are  ready  incendiaries. 

The  contact  of  Curtains  and  Bedding  with  lights  and  fires,  stands  prominent  among 
the  "  causes  of  fires,"  and  the  accidents  from  this  source  are  numbered  by  thousands. 


13 

Secure  furniture  risks  along  with  the  dwellings  of  owners,  and  also 
from  the  better  class  of  renters.  ]>e  careful  about  values,  however,  as 
the  cash  price  of  old  furniture  and  wearing  apparel  is  somewhat 
uncertain. 

Recommend  the  long  terra  rates  to  owners  of  isolated  dwellings,  and 
write  on  desirable  ones  freely  for  three  and  five  years. 

See  remarks  elsewhere  in  regard  to  Values,  Moral  Hazard,  Specifica- 
tions, Other  Insurance,  etc. 

Under  this  heading  we  include  Stores  and  Warehouses  generally  ; 
but  Grain  Elevators  and  Wholesale  Drugs  are  separately  considered,  as 
well  as  Pork  Houses  and  various  other  occupations  that  enter  largely  into 
the  great  mercantile  transactions  of  the  country. 

In  this  branch  of  the  business  lie  the  immense  values  on  which  the 
bulk  of  insurance  is  dt»ne,  and  it  is  therefore  worthy  of  close  study  and 
intimate  acquaintance. 


In  writing  store  risks,  a  little  systeia  will  familiarize  the  agent  with 
the  main  points  to  be  observed,  which  are  as  follows  : 

1.  Is  the  risk  within  the  limits  of  your  agency  ? 

2.  What  other  risks  have  you  in  adjoining  or  exposing  buildings  ? 

3.  Is  it  in  a  frarne  range  or  omnibus  hlock,  or  exposed  by  sucli  'i 

4.  What  is  the  valuation  of  the  property,  aside  from  the  ground, 
and  how  much  insurance  is  there  now  on  it  ? 

5.  Is  it  a  branch  store,  or  an  unsaleable,  unfasliionable,  or  damaged 
stock  ? 

6.  Is  the  property  on  a  bad  lease,  or  in  litigation,  or  dispute  ? 

7.  Is  it  productive  and  profitable,  or  otherwise  ? 

8.  Have  there  been  any  former  fires,  and  are  there  any  jealousies, 
rivalries,  or  threats  bearing  upon  it  ? 

9.  What  are  the  character,  standing  and  circumstances  of  the  i)arty  ? 
Is  he  a  stranger  or  itinerant  ?  Is  he  relialde  ^  Has  he  been  in  tlie  habit 
of  insuring  heretofore ;  if  not,  ascertain  very  distinctly  wliy  he  makes 


14 

this  application  ?  Has  he  ever  been  burned  out — when,  where,  liow  ? 
Was  lie  insured  ?  AVas  that  loss  satisfactory  to  his  underwriters  ?  Is  he 
easy  or  embarrassed,  systematic  or  careless  ?  Does  he  keep  books  and 
make  an  inventory  once  a  year  ?  Is  his  trade  profitable,  or  otherwise  ? 
Is  he  steady,  or  erratic  and  experimental  ? 

10.  And  Jinally^  in  the  light  of  these  interrogatories,  is  it,  on  the 
whole,  a  desirable  risk  ?  Exercise  your  soundest  judgment  in  determin- 
ing yea  or  nay,  remembering  that  a  loss  on  one  had  risk  will  eat  up  the 
irreiniuins  on  a  hundred  good  ones.  If  your  convictions  are  adverse, 
reject  it  promptly  ;  if  favorable,  secure  it  just  as  promptly. 

Take  an  Application  hy  all  means.  Let  the  assured  answer  each 
question  fully,  and  furnish  a  diagram  of  the  i)roperty  and  its  exposures. 
Let  the  whole  be  written  plainly,  with  ink,  and  signed.  Also  make  a 
personal  survey  of  the  premises  so  as  to  act  intelligently  and  be  able  to 
give  your  views  of  the  risk  in  your  daily  report  of  it. 

By  some  agents  applications  are  dispensed  with  on  ordinary  risks.  This  is  wrong 
and  should  be  reformed  by  tstaljlishing  the  custom  of  obtaining  one  for  each  risk  taken. 
Let  every  question  be  answered  fully,  and  the  Survey  and  Diagram  pro])aied  on  the  spot. 

Values  must  be  criticised  closely  and  put  upon  a  true  cash  basis. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  important,  as  well  as  most  difficult  duties,  that 
you  will  be  called  upon  to  perform.  There  is  a  universal  tendency 
among  owners  to  over-value  their  property,  which  must  be  guarded 
against.  Cost  of  ground  must  not  be  included  in  valuation  of  buiklings, 
nor  store  furniture  and  fixtures  with  merchandise. 

Cost  is  not  always  "  value."  Property  may  be  actually  worth  much 
less,  or  more,  than  it  cost.     Present  value  is  the  figure  sought. 

Never  Insert  a  Valuation  in  the  Poijcv. 

Gross  over-valuations  usually  indicate  fraud,  and  should  arouse 
suspicion.     Re  finn  in  your  own  judgment  in  regard  to  values. 

Limit  the  amount  of  insurance  to  three-fourths  the  actual  cash  value. 
The  character,  l)oth  of  appli(rant  and  ])roperty,  may  induce  liberality 
on  this  point  for  the  best  parties,  on  sta[)le  })roduce,  stored ;  but  the  safe 
rule  is  never  to  insure  enough  to  tempt  any  man  to  burn  out.  The 
owner  nmst  be  interested  in  the  preservation  of  his  propei'ty  by  a 
sufficient  amount  of  value  left  at  his  own  risk. 


15 


In  no  case  issue  a  policy  to  a  person  of  doubtful  or  suspicious 
character  at  any  rate  of  premium,  and  avoid  risks  endaui^ered  by  tlie 
neighborhood  of  such. 

Account  of  stock  should  be  taken  at  least  once  a  year  and  an  intel- 
lio;ible  set  of  books  kept.  As  a  rule,  decline  risks  on  merchandise  where 
this  is  not  done.  It  is  impossible  for  any  accui'ate  showing  to  be  made, 
in  case  of  loss,  without  books  and  invoices. 

See  remarkfi  on  Surveys,  and  Policy,  for  important  instructions,  especially  applicable 
to  Mercantile  Insurance ;  as  Other  Insurance,  Specifications,  Endorsements,  Express 
Warranties,  Open  Policies  and  other  matters  of  interest. 


Are  influenced  by  a  variety  of  circumstances  in  different  localities — as 
the  Fire  Dei)artment,  Supply  of  water.  Width  of  streets,  General  con- 
struction of  Buildings,  Police  regulations,  Frequency  of  special  hazards, 
etc.  In  naming  Hates  look  well,  both  to  the  internal  hazard  and  the 
external  exposure,  of  the  risks  under  consideration.  Wherever  a  L()<;al 
IJoAKD  exists,  a  copy  of  its  tariff  must  be  sent  to  the  company. 


In  good  ordinary  brick  blocks  charge 

If  rear  or  side  exposure  of  frame,  additional  . 

Brick,  metal-roof  stores,  with  fire-walls,  ])ay  . 

AVhere  the  fire  department  is  superior,  and  there 
are  no  frame  exposures,  A  and  BB  clu»ice 
store  risks  are  accepted  at       ...       . 

Frame  stores  pay  1  .S5  and  upwards. 

This  is  for  the  better  classes  of  merchandise, 
hardware,  etc.,  pay  .23  additional. 


l.OO  to  1.35 
.35  to  .50 
.90  to   1.00 


.75 

Drugs,  glass,  toys, 


Isolated  Stores. — One  tenant ;  fires,  lights 
and  general  arrangements  first-class  in  ' 
every  resi)ect, 


€laH)4 
C'laMM 


D. 


.75 

.OO 

l.OO 

1.35 


*  See  "  ClasBBB  of  Bnildings  "  on  the  last  page. 


16 


Drugs,  crockery,  liardware,  millinery  and 
fancy  goods  pay  higher.  See  table  rates. 

Brick  Stokes  in  Blocks. — Fire-walls, 
no  frame  exjjosm'es,  single  tenant, 
good  occupancy,  risk  every  way 
first-class, 


Class  A,  .    .    .80 

CUiyis  BB,  .  .  .90 
€la!^!^  B,  .90  to  l.OO 
Class  C,  1.00  to  l.!25 

For  stocks  in  third  and  fourth  stories,  add  .10.  Charge  additional 
for  7'ear  exposures  according  to  hazard.  For  Public  Hall  charge,  addi- 
tional, .S5  to  .50 — same  for  Printing  Office  or  Photograph  Gallery. 
For  communications  between  brick  buildings,  occupied  by  different 
parties,  add  from  .10  to  .50  according  to  circumstances. 

Omnibus  Blocks,  or  those  tenanted  by  numerous  occupants,  with  a  variety  of 
pursuits,  have  an  internal  hazard,  for  which  no  adequate  rate  of  premium  is  ever  obtained. 
For  example  ;  a  first-class  brick,  metal-roofed  store,  in  a  block,  with  fire-walls  and  no 
rear  exposures,  occupied  by  one  tenant  for  staple  dry  goods,  is  a  good  risk  at  .90.  Now 
take  the  same  building  with  staple  dry  goods  on  the  main  floor,  a  meat  shop  and  oyster 
saloon  in  the  cellar,  four  offices,  three  sleeping  rooms  and  a  plater  and  seal  cutter  in  the 
second  story,  a  steam  ])rinting  office  and  shooting  gallery  in  the  third,  and  two  society 
and  lodge  rooms  in  the  fourth,  and  what  should  the  rate  be  ?  Under  the  prevalent 
competition  you  could  get  perhaps  1.25.  "  It  is  a  first-class  metal-roofed  building,  with 
a  good  many  occupants  it  is  true  ;  but  1.25  is  regarded  a  very  full  rate  on  such."  Let 
us  see : 

The  rate  was 90 

The  additional  hazard  of  the  meat  shop  is  low  at  .         .        .        .05 

"  "  "  "      saloon, 15 

"            "  "          "      four  offices  at  5c.  each,      .        .        .20 

"            "  "          "      three  sleeping  rooms,         .        .         .10 

"  "  "  "       plating  shop, 15 

"            "  "          "       steam  printing  office,        .        .        .40 

"            "  "          "       shooting  gallery,       .         .        .         .15 

"            "  "           "      two  club  rooms  at  10c.  each,     .         .20 


2.30 


This  is  for  internal  fuizard  alone — "  on(^  burn  all  burn"  here  ;  and  the  lowest  adequate 
rate  upon  the  building  would  be,  say  2.00.  Staple  dry  goods  on  lower  floor  would  i)ass 
at  1.50;  while  the  jjrinting  office  in  the  third  story,  and  the  upper  lofts,  with  no 
possible  salvage,  should  not  be  taken  less  than  2.50.  But  these  rates,  you  say,  cannot  be 
obtained.  Then  it  in  hist  to  decline  the  risk  f  Insurance  below  these  figures  is  simply 
selling  your  wares  btdow  cost — an  act  that  cannot  l)e  justified  on  business  princij)le8.  It 
is  the  duty  of  agents  to  combine  against  such  risks,  instead  of  competing  in  their  favor. 


17 


Building. 

Stock. 

1.S5 

l.So 

1.50 

1.25 

'2.00 

1.75 

».00 

2.50 

4.00 

».50 

5.00 

4.50 

Frames  in  rows,  or  closely  exposing,  contribute  one  per  cent,  eucli  to 
tlie  aggi'egate  hazard,  and  must  he  charged  accordingly. 

One  frame  store,  isolated, 

Same,  between  brick  stores  in  block,    .     . 
Two  frames  adjoining,  otherwise  detached. 
Three     "  "  "  "      . 

Four      "  "  "  "      . 

Five       ''  "  "  "      . 

And  so  on.  But  when  the  number  readies  live,  the  risk  is  so  bad 
the  companies  will  not  take  it,  and  the  rate  so  higli  tliat  parties  will  not 
pay  it ;  therefore  avoid  frame  ranges  of  live  or  more  altogether,  except 
upon  special  authority  from  the  companies. 

One  frame  building,  with  two  or  more  distinct  store  or  saloon  occu- 
pancies, counts  two  or  more,  as  the  case  may  be.  For  Printing  Office,  or 
Public  Hall,  or  Photograph  Gallery,  in  upper  stories  add,  for  each,  .25 
— see  remarks  on  Omnibus  blocks. 

To  constitute  a  "  frame  range,"  it  is  not  necessary  that  the  buildings 
stand  in  a  row.  If  they  adjoin  around  the  corner,  or  hy  the  rears,  tlie 
"  range"  is  complete. 

Clusters  of  frames,  two  or  three  in  a  group,  sometimes  stand  thirty 
or  forty  feet  a})art,  in  which  there  may  be  acceptable  risks  while  tliey 
stand  thus  separated.  But  huilding  up  the  intermniiKj  xpaces  tlii'ows 
them  at  once  into  ranges,  and  places  them  on  the  prohibited  list  from 
tiienceforth.  Look  out  for  this  sort  of  trap  on  renewal  of  all  risks  in 
frames. 

Moral  Aspect  of  Frame  Ranges. 

"  Birds  of  a  feather,"  says  the  old  adapfe,  with  frrcat  truthfulness,  "  flock  tofjether." 
The  iMJSt  merchants  are  not  found  in  the  worst  buildinj^s.  There  is  usually  a  fair  degree 
of  harmony  between  the  building  and  the  occupant ;  and  while  in  some  new  towns  there 
are  nothing  but  frames  in  which  to  do  business,  making  an  exception  to  the  rule,  it  is  a 
safe  general  maxim  that  the  average  moral  hazard  of  frame  ranges  is  much  greater  than 
that  of  brick  blocks  !  Even  the  same  men  are  safer  to  insure  in  good  B  buildings  than  in 
poor  Ds. 

2 


18 

At  cross  roads  or  small  villages,  re- I  j^  '     '         '      **-»- 

moved  irom  the  ae;eney,     .     .       ^,,  «:  <  ^mv 

^      •^'  [Class  D,     .    .    .      1.50 

If  adjoining,  charge  Frame  Range,  or  Block  rates,  as  the  case  may  be. 
Take  a  full  application  without  fail. 

Remote  country  stores — Branch  stores  particularly — are  usually  filled  with  hard 
stocks — remnants,  shopkeepers  or  unfashionable  goods — and  free  insurance  on  them  is  a 
desperate  business. 

Be  fully  satisfied  on  three  points,  or  decline  the  risk.  1st.  Of  the  applicant's  good 
character,  unembarrassed  circumstances  and  business  habits.  2d.  That  he  has  no  diffi- 
culties with  his  neighbors,  and  there  are  no  threats  against  him.  3d.  Of  the  actual  cash 
value  of  the  stock,  ascertained  through  an  annual  inventory.  Cover  but  half  the  valua- 
tion ;  and  if  these  rules  are  not  satisfactory,  yield  the  risk  to  competitors  cheerfully. 

Remote  Country  Stoue  Risks  are  prolific  of  losses  and  imsatisfactory  adjustments. 
If  owner's  dwelling  be  not  in  the  same  building,  or  if  no  one  sleeps  regularly  in  the 
store,  decline  the  risk. 


Are  very  important,  as  great  values  are  here  concentrated,  demanding 
large  amounts  of  insurance. 

Seek  risks  on  grain,  or  other  contents,  for  short  terms  at  short  rates ; 
and  where  it  is  possible  to  secure  these,  save  your  lines  for  them,  and 
touch  the  buildings  lightly,  or  not  at  all. 

This  property  is  generally  out  of  the  owner's  control,  and  in  the  hands  of  warehouse- 
men, whose  interest  it  is  to  preserve  it.  When  this  is  the  case,  and  full  insurance  is 
needed  for  collateral  or  banking  purposes,  it  will  sometimes  be  prudent  to  cover  the  whole 
value  where  you  deem  parties  worthy  of  the  fullest  confidence.  Never  volunteer  this, 
however,  as  it  is  a  safe  conservative  rule  to  limit  the  line  to  three-fourths  the  value. 

Short  risks  are  most  desirable,  as  the  rate  is  full  and  the  hazard  more  quickly 
ended.     Always  give  them  the  preference  over  annual  risks  on  the  buildings. 

Whiskey  in  Bonded  Warehouses  is  a  marked  exception  to  the  rule 
of  profit.  Rates  have  been  too  low,  and  Frauds  frequent  and  extensive. 
(See  page  47,  for  rules  in  regard  to  whiskey.)  Fraud  is  a  very  danger- 
ous element  in  warehouse  insurance.     Men  yield  to  strong  temptations ; 


I 


19 


and  false  entries,  false  invoices,  false  values,  and  false  oaths,  are,  by 
wicked  collusions,  put  upon  under\\Titers,  after  the  evidence  of  guilt 
has  been  put  forever  out  of  sight  by  the  torch.  These  transactions 
frequently  involve  men  of  high  standing,  and  they  call  for  great  firmness 
on  the  part  of  the  faithful  agent  who  would  avoid  them  or  defeat  them. 


Detached  huildings,  without  eleva- 
tors or  power  of  any  kind ;  for 
grain  and  produce  only. 

Detached  Warehouses, 

For  General  Storage,  excepting 
liquors,  cotton,  petroleum,  and 
other  extra  inflammables,  with- 
out elevators  or  power, 


r  Class* 

A,  . 

.  .   .75 

Class 

B, 

.80 

Class 

C,  . 

.  1.00 

Class 

D, 

.  1.25 

r 

Class 

A,  . 

.90 

Class 

B, 

.  .  1.00 

Class 

c,    . 

.  1.35 

Class 

D, 

.  1.50 

SEE   SPECIAL,    MANUFACTURING,    AND   MISCELLANEOUS    HAZARDS    IN 
ALPHABETICAL    ORDER. 


2   ' 

30 

3   ' 

40 

4   ' 

50 

5   ' 

60 

Insukance  FOR  Periods  Less  than  a  Year  will  be  CiiAnoED  as  follows  : 

For  1  montli  20  per  cent,  of  the  annual  rate.    For  G  months  70  per  cent,  of  the  annual  rate. 

"  7  "  75  " 
"  8  "  80  " 
"  9  "  85  " 
"  10  "  90  " 
For  eleven  months,  95  per  cent,  of  the  annual  rate. 

And  for  Terms  Less  than  One  Month,  ciiahoe 

For  2  days,  or  less,  1-6  of  rate  for  1  month. I  For   10    days,   1-2   of    rate    for     1    montli. 
"     5    "  1-3    "  "  I    "     15      "        2-3      " 

For  twenty  days,  5-6  of  rate  for  one  month. 

For  convenience  of  calculation,  see  the  Table  of  Short  Rates  on  page  21. 


*  See  "ClasBCB  of  BulldingB,"  ou  last  page. 


20 


"  Long  Term  Policies "  are  those  that  are  issued  for  a  longer 
period  than  one  year : — as  three  and  five  year  contracts  on  dwellings, 
churches,  etc. 

To  find  the  amount  of  premium  to  be  retained  on  cancellation  of  a 
long  term  policy,  before  expiration,  use  the  following 

RULE. 

Ascertain  how  many  twelfths  of  the  whole  term  have  expired  at  date 
of  cancelment,  and  apply  the  usual  short  rate  scale,  as  above  given. 
That  is,  if  one  twelfth  of  the  whole  term  has  expired,  retain  20  per  cent, 
of  the  whole  premium,  and  refund  the  balance ;  if  two  twelfths,  30  per 
cent. ;  if  three  twelfths,  40  per  cent.,  and  so  on. 

If  the  Policy  lias  run  less  than  one  year,  it  is  not  a  "  long  term  "  insurance,  and  must 
be  treated  according  to  the  Short  Rate  scale,  on  the  basis  of  an  annual  rate.  For  exam- 
ple :  A  rate  is  ,50  for  one  year  ;  1.00  for  three  years  ;  1.50  for  five  years.  A  three  or 
five  year  policy  is  to  be  cancelled  when  it  has  run  six  months.  The  rate  would  be  .35 — 
(seventy  per  cent,  of  ,50  the  one  year  rate,)  as  per  ordinary  short  rate  scale. 


The  Short  Rate  Scale  is  intrinsically  right,  and  must  not  he 
waived.  For  periods  longer  than  a  year  we  diminish  the  tariff  propor- 
tionally, and  for  terms  shorter  we  must  increase  it ;  both  are  correct. 
It  is  just  as  nmch  labor  to  make,  report  and  audit  a  five  day  policy,  as 
one  for  five  years,  and  it  is  an  admitted  principle  that  retail  trade  cannot 
be  done  at  wholesale  prices ;  this  applies  in  full  force  to  the  system  of 
sliort  rates. 

As  a  rule,  grant  no  short  risks  on  buildings.  Buildings  have,  or  should  have,  a  per- 
manent, lasting  value,  calling  for  annual  policies ;  and  applications  for  short  insurances 
on  them  should  arouse  inquiry.  If  the  applicant  is  a  permanent  owner,  why  does  he  want 
transient  insurance — if  his  interest  is  merely  temporary,  ought  he  to  have  it  ?  Is  the 
1)uilding  unoccupied  or  unproductive — has  it  a  doubtful  tenant — has  it  just  been 
mortgaged  or  levied  upon — is  some  new,  experimental  or  dangerous  business  to  be  started 
in  it — is  the  policy  to  be  assigned  by  an  embarrassed  debtor — is  the  ajiplicant  a  lessee 
with  a  contingency  of  some  sort  V  Be  very  sure  that  all  is  right  before  you  give  a  short 
policy  on  a  building. 

Short  rates  are  retained  where  a  policy  is  cancelled  at  the  request  of 
assured. 


21 


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22 


.It  is  customary — where  the  length  of  time  cannot  be  determined — 
to  issue  a  policy  for  twelve  months,  on  grain,  produce  or  merchandise, 
with  a  verbal  agreement  to  cancel  and  refund  when  sold  or  shipped, 
retaining  short  rates  for  the  time  expired,  and  charging  for  fractions 
of  months  as  for  whole  ones,  except  when  the  foregoing  table  provides 
a  rate  for  the  fraction. 

TIME    TABLE, 

For  coDTenience  in  asMrtaining  (he  expired  time  on  Policies  to  be  cancelled ;  and  for  other  purposes. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sep. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

.'JfiS 

31 

3.34 

3e5 

3()(i 

337 

275 

30f. 

245 

276 

214 

245 

1.S4 

215 

15.3 

184 

122 

153 

92 

123 

61 

92 

31 

62 

Mar. 


59 

28 
.365 
.3.34 
304 
273 
243 
212 
181 
151 
120 

90 


April. 

May. 

90 

120 

59 

89 

31 

01 

.365 

.30 

:«5 

365 

304 

3;J4 

274 

304 

243 

273 

212 

iM2 

182 

212 

151 

181 

121 

151 

June.  July.   Aug 


Sep. 


151 
120 
92 
61 
31 
365 
335 
304 
273 
243 
212 
182 


181  I    212 
150  I    181 


122 

91 

61 

30 

365 

334 

303 

273 

242 

212 


153 

122 

92 

61 

31 

365 

*« 

303 

273 


243 
212 
184 
153 
123 
92 
62 
31 
365 
335 

274 


Oct. 


273 

242 

214 

183 

153 

122 

92 

61 

30 

365 

334 

304 


Nov. 


304 
273 
245 
214 
184 
153 
128 
92 
61 
31 
365 


Dec. 


334 

303 

275 

244 

214 

183 

153 

122 

91 

61 

30 

365 


Example.— Insurance  is  wanted  for  120  days  from  June  14.  On  what  day  will  it  expire  ?  Find  June 
in  the  left-hand  column  and  run  across  to  the  number  nearest  120— to  wit,  122,  which  is  under  October. 
From  June  14  to  October  14  would  be  122  days.  Deduct  2  from  14,  and  write  the  policy  to  expire  12th 
October. 

Example— A  Policy  issued  on  the  0th  of  February  is  cancelled  on  the  23d  of  May.  Find  February  in  the 
left  column,  and  under  May  of  the  top  row  is  89  days— that  is  from  9th  February  to  9th  May.  Add  the 
difference  between  9  and  23  (14  days)  to  89,  and  the  time  from  the  9th  February  to  the  23d  May  is  seen  to 
be  108  days. 


Grade  the  limit  of  Insurance  to  the  quality  of  risks,  and  correspond 
freely  with  each  Company  to  ascertain  its  views  on  particular  classes  of 
hazards.  As  a  general  rule,  heavier  lines  will  be  carried  on  Wool, 
drains.  Meats  and  other  staples  iu  "Warehouse,  than  upon  ordinary 
Merchandise  or  Manufacturing  Risks. 

Aim  to  distribute  the  writings  so  that  no  sweeping  fire  will  involve 
a  Company  in  undue  losses.  To  this  end,  become  familiar  with  the 
details  of  construction  in  all  the  important  blocks  of  your  place  ;  knt)W 
where  the  unsafe  walls  are,  the  frame  rears,  the  wooden  cornices,  the 
continuous  roofs,  the  sky-lights  and  other  means  by  which  fire  will 
communicate  ;  and  exercise  due  care  to  protect  the  Company  from 
excessive  loss. 


23 

In  Brick  Stores  and  Blocks,  write  as  you  may  be  advised  ])y  a 
Company,  and  confine  your  lines  within  the  maximum  it  i^ives  you. 

In  Frame  Buildings  reduce  the  lines  about  one-half — i.  e.,  if  you 
would  place  $10,000  on  a  certain  stock,  for  a  particular  individual,  in  a 
choice  brick  store  or  warehouse,  gwe,  but  $3,000  to  $5,(»00  on  the  same 
in  a  frame.  Exceptions  will  be  made  in  favor  of  fine  Grain  elevators 
and  first-class  Storage  Risks. 

In  Frame  Ranges  tone  down  the  amount  still  more,  and  confine  risks 
to  stocks,  in  amounts  not  exceeding  $2,500.  See  remarks  on  Frame 
Ranges,  page  17. 

The  rate  also  has  a  legitimate  influence  upon  the  line.  A  thin  rate  is  not  so  great  an 
inducement  for  accepting  heavy  risks  as  a  liberal  one — a  principal  to  be  borne  in  mind 
where  rates  are  depressed.     The  limit  of  insurance  should  be  contracted  in  due  proportion. 


Competition,  as  conducted  at  the  present  day,  is  destructive,  not  only  of  a  Com- 
pany's vitals,  but  of  the  policy  holder's  security  ;  and  finally  of  the  Agent's  income.  If 
the  Agent  will  but  realize  the  facts  in  a  broad  light,  he  will  see  that  his  own  interests 
are  identical  with  his  Company's  in  sustaining  rates,  moderating  lines,  and  in  fostering 
orthodox  practice  generally.  But  whether  he  will  realize  it  or  no,  the  best  Companies 
positively  decline  to  enter  the  arena  where  concessions  in  rates,  concessions  in  lines,  con- 
cessions in  privileges,  concessions  in  everything  that  tends  towards  the  abandonment  of 
all  the  old  land-marks  are  the  order  of  the  day.  The  final  results  of  indiscriminate  compe- 
tition are  not  difficult  to  foresee ;  time  only  is  needed  to  develop  from  it  certain  di.saster, 
and  Agents  must  not  expect  the  most  worthy  Companies  to  yield  vital  j>oint8  "because 
other  good  companies  do  so."  Companies  that  "  icill  take  risks  cheaper,"  wUl  some  day  he 
compelled  to  find  the  cheapest  method  of  avoiding  the  payment  of  losses. 


The  liquids  used  for  producing  gas  in  portable  machines  are  known 
as  Gasoline,  Naptha,  Benzine,  Licpiid  Gas,  Auroral  Oil  and  by  various 
other  names.  They  are,  without  exception,  highly  volatile  and,  of  ne- 
cessity, inflammable  and  explosive,  and  therefore  dangerous  to  the  last 
degree.     7/^  t/iei/  loere  not  they  loould  not  malx'e  gaa. 

Under  no  circumstances  may  these  liquids  be  stored,  handled  or 
emptied,  on  or  near,  premises  that  are  insured. 


24 

The  house  or  vault  for  the  reception  of  the  generator,  receiver,  car- 
huretter,  or  otlier  apparatus  containing  the  liquid,  must  be  of  brick  or 
stone,  and  placed  at  least  fifty  feet  distant  from  the  insured  property,  or 
any  other  building  exposing  it ;  and  the  pipes  laid  under  ground,  on  an 
up  grade  from  the  vault  to  the  pi^emises  to  he  lighted^  so  as  to  return 
all  condensation  or  drip  to  the  generator.  A  stop  cock  should  also  be 
ydaced  in  the  i)ipes,  outside  the  building,  so  the  gas  may  be  turned  otf  if 
emergency  should  require.  Drainage  should  also  be  provided,  so  that 
in  no  case  the  liquid  can  run  towards  any  building,  but  be  conveyed  to  a 
sewer,  or  well,  or  trap,  or  gravelly  soil. 

Where  the  above  conditions  are  faithfully  complied  with,  and  the  gas 
introduced  through  tight  service  pipes,  the  same  as  city  gas,  there  is  no 
material  increase  of  hazard,  and  buildings  so  lighted  may  be  insured 
without  extra  charge.  Special  permission  must,  however,  according  to 
the  terms  of  most  policies,  be  granted  for  the  use  of  gasoline  gas,  under 
any  circumstances. 

iaiiiiiffiig 

For  the  purpose  of  super-carburetting  or  carbonizing  common  street 
gas,  are  small  reservoirs  of  Benzole,  Gasoline,  etc.,  through  which  the 
common  gas  is  passed,  to  enrich  it.  They  must  be  frequently  filled,  and 
the  extreme  danger  attending  the  handling  of  these  volatile  hydro-carbons 
is  such  that  the  New  York  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  afrer  extended 
examination  and  experiment,  give  deliberate  expression  to  the  o])inic)n 
that  no  such  apparatus  has  yet  been  constructed  as  can  with  safety  be 
used  by  the  general  public ;  and  they  prohibit  the  use  of  carburetters 
except  under  one  of  two  conditions. 

First,  as  it  is  deeirablc  to  place  the  same  near  the  ^as  meter,  it  must  be  enclosed  in 
substantial  brick  work  made  jjerfectly  tijjht,  having  an  outlet  by  means  of  an  iron  pipe 
from  the  bottom,  to  carry  off  any  overflow  or  leakage  to  the  sewer,  or  other  ])roiH'r 
place,  and  to  lie  filled  from  outside  the  building  by  means  of  an  iron  i)ipe  ;  this  ])ipe, 
as  well  as  that  connecting  the  a])paratu8  with  the  meter  and  the  service  ]>ii)e,  to  be 
securely  and  closely  masoned  in  the;  brick  work,  which  should  be  suflSciently  substantial  to 
resist  any  accidental  force  that  can  be  applied  to  it. 

Second,  it  may  be  admitted  without  the  brick  work,  provided  the  apparatus  be  not 
sold  to  customers  but  remain  the  property  of  a  reliable  firm  or  corporation,  which  shall  carry 


25 

071  the  business;  and  that  it  he  filled  by  daylirjht  only,  through  air-tifjht  conneetions  and 
tubes,  and  only  by,  or  in,  the  presence  of  an  expert,  specially  employed  by  the  corporation  for 
that  duty. 

Under  ordinary  circumstances  agents  may  adopt  one  standing  answer 
to  all  inquiries  respecting  carburetters,  that  they  are  inadmissible,  and 
that  property  where  they  arc  introduced  is  not  insurable;  that  existing 
policies  are  voided  by  their  presence,  while  surrounding  property  is 
greatly  endangered  by  their  contiguity. 

These  disguised  incendiaries  have  been  somewhat  extensively  intro- 
duced in  various  parts  of  the  country.  When  they  burn  the  liquid 
gasoline,  which  may  be  contained  in  them  or  brought  to  them  in  pipes, 
they  are  not  admissible  on  any  terms  whatever.  Vigorous  suppression  of 
these  infernal  machines  is  the  bounden  duty  of  every  man  who  values 
the  life  or  the  property  of  his  neighbor  or  himself. 

An  almost  devilish  ingenuity  has  been  exercised  to  conceal,  under  innocent  nomen- 
clature, the  various  liquids  that  have  been  brought  before  the  public  in  one  or  another  of 
tlie  above  connections.  Such  names  have  been  employed  as  Liijuid  Safety  Gas,  Auroral 
Oil,  Najithaline,  Cymogene  ;  these,  as  well  as  Naptha,  Benzole,  Benzine,  (>asolinc,  Bigo- 
line.  Phosgene,  Carboline,  or  any  other  ine,  mean  essentially  one  thing  : — to  wit,  a  highly 
volatile  and  inflammable  substance,  whose  only  value  for  the  proposed  purpose  lies  in  those 
very  qualities  that  make  it  dangerous. 

If  Gunj)owder  were  not  explosive  it  would  be  good  for  nothing.  If  Gasoline  et  al. 
were  not  volatile  they  would  he,  in  like  manner,  valueless  !  It  is  the  explosiveness  of  the 
one  and  the  volatileness  of  the  other  that  made  them  alike  valuable  and  dangerous. 


Special,  ijilunufactuving  and  ijiUsscdUuuouiJi  ^uuardjsi* 

Rememher  that  Special  Hazards  are  unprofitahle  to  Unclei'writcrs^ 
and  only  tlie  best  of  their  kind,  for  the  best  men,  at  full  rates,  and  under 
the  most  favorable  circumstances,  are  to  be  entertained. 


1.  A  special  apphcation  and  survey,  on  the  blank  form  furnished  for 
the  particular  sort  of  risk.  Let  every  question  he  answered  infull^  and 
the  signature  of  the  applicant  aflixed. 

2.  A  plain,  full  diagram ;  showing  as  clearly  as  possible,  the  shape, 
arrangement,  position  and  bearings  of  the  risk,  and  all  exposures  within 
ten  rods.     Give  the  points  of  Compass  correctly. 

3.  Your  private  report  on  a  se])arate  letter  sheet,  made  from  a 
personal  inspection  of  the  risk,  and  giving  your  opinion  of  it,  with  any 
details  that  may  not  have  been  brought  out  by  the  aj)plication  and 
survey. 

All  to  be  referred  to  headquarters  before  binding  a  Company.  This 
rule  must  be  observed  in  all  cases. 

Before  entertaining  a  Special  Hazard,  consult  the  remarks  on  the 
following  pages  that  ])ertain  to  the  particular  kind  of  risk  nnder  con- 
sideration, and  also  give  special  heed  to  the  following 

1.  Values  must  be  looked  t(>  with  great  care,  and  every  circumstance 
noted  that  affects  them  in  any  way.  About  half  a  strict  cash  'valuation 
is  the  safe  limit  of  iiisurance  on  Special  Hazards. 


27 

2.  OwNEKS. — Are  they  reliable,  careful,  practical — are  they  attempt- 
ing an  uncertain  speculation — are  they  respected  and  popular,  or  feared 
and  hated — are  they  embarrassed,  litigious — is  there  anything  about 
them,  or  their  circumstances,  likely  to  develop  loss  to  an  insurer? 

3.  Incendiary  Tiikeats,  jealousies,  rivalries,  drunkenness,  litigations, 
disputes,  bad  management,  dissatisfied  or  unpaid  liands ;  will  any  of 
these  elements  probably  bear  upon  the  risk  to  a  company's  hurt — is  the 
property  profitable  or  un]>rofi table  to  applicant,  and  what  are  the  pros- 
pects for  the  future  ? 

4.  Conglomerate  Hazards. — Have  several  different  manufactories 
clustered  about  one  power,  so  as  to  expose  each  other ;  largely  increasing 
the  general  peril  ? 

5.  Watchman  !  what  of  the  night  ?  Are  there  any  police  regulations  ? 
Some  facilities  for  extinguishing  fires  should  exist.  Casks  of  water  and 
buckets  should  be  placed  in  each  story,  and  there  should  be  a  force  pump 
with  hose  sufiicient  to  command  all  parts  of  the  building. 

6.  Lightning  Rods  should  be  well  set  on  all  exposed  points  of  the 
building. 

7.  Exposures  should  be  examined  critically,  and  their  bearings  on 
the  risk  well  considered.  This  is  a  most  important  item,  and  refers  as 
well  to  the  different  buildings  of  one  large  establishment — their  position 
to  one  another — as  to  other  exposures. 

8.  "Wooden  Boxes,  and  rapid^  heating  journals,  should  be  sought  out 
and  reformed. 

9.  Open  Lights  should  not  be  permitted  for  night  work  where 
shavings  or  lint  are  made,  or  wherever  else  improper.  Kekosknk  Lamps, 
also,  are  bad  things  in  a  factory,  owing  to  the  infiammable  natm-e  of  the 
oil,  and  the  ease  with  which  they  can  be  overturned,  broken,  ex- 
ploded, etc.  When  permitted,  they  must  positively  be  filled  and 
trimmed  by  day-light,  by  a  man  specially  ai)pointed  to  attend  to  them. 

10.  Spontaneous  Combustion,  from  greasy  rags,  dirty  waste,  or  other 
sources,  should  be  well  guarded  against. 

11.  Former  Fires. — If  the  property  has  ever  been  on  fire  from  any 
cause  whatever ;  probe  for  full  details,  and  do  not  be  put  off*  without 
them. 


28 


12.  Defective  Flues,  stoves,  pipes  ;  cracking,  settling,  sagging  walls 
ot  wood  w^ork,  should  be  noted  and  remedied  at  once. 

1'^.  Specifications. — Write  a  definite  amount,  each,  on  building, 
machinery,  stock,  and  every  other  subject  insured.  Never  cover  two 
general  items  in  one  sum. 

14.  Otuer  Insvrance. — If  there  are  other  policies  on  the  same 
property,  see  that  they  and  yours  are  all  worded  alike. 

15.  Amount  to  Insure. — This  must  be  governed  by  the  values,  and 
the  peculiar  characteristics  of  each  risk,  and  wall  be  determined  by 
correspondence  with  headquarters. 

IT).  Always  name  the  heat  rate  you  can  obtain  on  a  Hsk.,  when  the 
application  is  submitted ,  it  may  save  correspondence  to  I'noio  the  local 
views  on  rates.     Mal'e  no  concessions  for  ^'■proposed''''  improvements. 

IT.  Give  good  heed  to  all  these  suggestions.  There  is  no  danger 
OK  your  being  too  particular,  for,  witu  all  your  care,  the  proba- 
bilities are  that  you  will  lose  money  for  the  Companies  on  Special 
Hazards. 


^BABSiajSS.    ©DLi?*"^*^ 


,i^\jii)£«jg 


►EJillWARliESc,    S©M©©L-ljilo3JS2§ 


For  Dormitories  and  Board-  f 

ing,  add  .25.  1  j.,^^^*  ^ 

For  "Wooden    Steeples  on  < 
Class  B,  add  .35  if  ex- 
posed within  100  feet. 


One  Year.      Three  Y« 


Class 
Class 


D, 


.80     1.60    ;!S.40 

1.00   s.oo    ».oo 

1.S5    3.50    S.75 


Country  school  houses  are  often  used  for  public  meetings,  for  wdiich 
an  extra  charge  should  be  made.  Private  institutions  and  Female 
seminaries  are  preferred  to  Male  schools  and  Colleges.  Theological 
seminaries  a  shade  better  than  either.  Many  "School  House  losses" 
have  arisen  from  defective  stoves  and  furnaces ;  others  from  the  mischief 
of  careless  and  evil-minded  students.  As  a  class,  they  have  not  been 
very  profitable.  Cheaply  built  ''  Juvenile  Hotels  "  gotten  up  by  sub- 
scription, and  placed  in  the  care  of  hired  teachers,  are  undesirable. 

♦  See  "  ClaeeeB  of  Buildings,"  on  last  page. 


29 


•    Y    I- 

o 


STEAM. 

Furnace    outside    in    Brick,   metal-roofed  f^^a**  ^:     •     •     ^••>^  "'^* 

boiler  house, i  ^*****  ^''     *     '    **-^^^^ 

[Class  D,    .    .    5.00 

Chute  for  shavings  must  be  of  the  best  construction,  and  closed  with 
iron  doors  if  communicating  direct  with  the  furnace  room. 

Shavings  must  be  cleaned  out  every  day. 

Water  casks  and  buckets  required  in  each  story. 

Preference  is  given  to  hard  wood  manufactories  ;  if  fanning  mills, 
threshers  and  other  manufactm-es  creating  large  quantities  of  soft  wood 
shamngs,  are  made,  the  risk  has  some  elements  of  a  planing  mill,  and  is 
worth  ,50  to  1.50  additional. 

For  furnace  inside  the  huilding,  well  arched  and  securely  protected, 
add  .50,  but  if  poorly  constructed  and  insecure,  decline  the  risk. 

For  water  power,  deduct  1 .00, 

Special  manufacturing  application  and  survey,  diagram  and  private 
report  to  be  submitted  before  accepting. 

STEAM. 

(Class   B,     .    .    4.00 

For  water  power,  deduct  1 .00.  ]  Class    C,      .     .     5.00 

(  Class    D,     .    .    6.00 

Open  lights  not  permitted.  "Water  casks  and  buckets  required  in 
each  room.     Stacks  not  permitted  within  fifty  feet  of  the  mill. 

Submit  manufacturing  application,  survey,  diagram  and  private 
report  before  accepting. 

Bagf^ing  in  bales,  when  removed  from  the  factory,  may  be  insured  the  same  as  other 
similar  baled  merchandise,  but  the  stock  from  which  bagging  is  made,  when  in  buildings 
not  exposed  by  the  factory  hazard,  will  pay  as  follows : 

r  Cla»i!i  B,    ..    .    .    1.50. 

Bagging  Stock, }  Claims   €,....    1.75. 

(class  D,    .    .    .    .    2.00. 


30 

For  Steam,  add  .25  in  Brick,  and  .50  j  ^^i*        €  '         '     1  'sO 
i»  ^^'^'^^'  I  Class  D,     ".    '.    2*.00 

Examine  closely  the  construction  of  the  oven,  and  flues  leading  from 
it — no  wood  work  should  be  near.  Floor  in  front  of  oven  should  be  of 
earth  or  brick ;  if  of  wood,  and  not  securely  covered  with  metal, 
beware  !  See  that  ashes  are  properly  disposed  of.  See  that  wood  and 
kindlings  are  not  put  in  dangerous  places  to  season  ;  also,  that  lumber 
is  not  piled  over  the  oven  for  the  same  purpose. 

If  the  oven  is  outside  the  building,  and  entir'ely  separated  fifteen 
feet,  deduct  .25  5  if  forty  feet,  deduct  .50. 

For  water  power,  deduct  1.00. 
Water  casks  and  buckets  in  each  room. 

If  a  new  enterprise,  beware  of  jealousy  and  incendiary  danger  from 
"  hand-work"  neighbors.  Remote  risks  of  this  class  (specially  in  the  oil 
regions)  and  all  rough,  open  sheds  decline,  as  well  as  all  that  have 
wooden  furnace  rooms  and  iron  cliimnies.  Stave  factories  for  putting  up 
sliooks  solely,  a  shade  better  ;  deduct  .50. 

Submit  manufacturing  application,  survey,  diagram  and  private 
report  before  accepting. 

Stave  Yards  : — See  Lumber  Yards. 

IBss?  IF^'esyM®  lji]©(jjsiEs. 

Same  as  Pork  Houses,  which  see. 

For  wooden  floor,  add  .50.  T  C*1a!4!4  B,     .     .  1.25 

For  plow  making,  in  a  small  way,  add  ^  Clai^!^    C',     .     .  1.50 

.25  to  .50.  ( Class  D,    .    .  2.25 

The  old-fashioned  bellows  nozzle  is  very  dangerous ;  see  that  the 
"  patent  nozzle"  is  used  in  every  forge. 


4j>©©^(EK     q 

^30©f>S, 

Class  B, 

.    .    4.00 

Class   C, 

.     .    5.00 

Class  D, 

.     .    6.00 

31 


For  pattern  shop,  add  .50.* 


BK]'iriaw?33A    ir*Ae?®B][Es. 


€la§iii  B,    . 

.    2.00 

Class   C,    . 

.    2.50 

Class  D, 

.    3.00 

See  tbat  all  furnaces,  crucibles  and  melting  kettles  are  in  good 
condition. 

Small,  neat  shops,  working  three  or  four  hands  only,  are  taken  .50 
less  than  above  rates. 

Submit  manufacturing  application,  survey,  diagram  and  private 
report  before  accepting. 

Small  quantities  of  liquid  thrown  upon  melted  copper  will  produce 
violent  explosions,  scattering  the  hot  metal.  Like  consequences  result 
from  pouring  melted  metal  into  moist  sand. 


(B®^Ti„  SiriassanaSt,  ^ggiia,©  m  GP^^f.-^IFaKS  l^isf 


Use  Fire  Policy. 


On  vessel  or  cargo  lying  up,  for  winter  or  summer  risk,  not 
exposed  by  other  boats  or  from  the  shore,  watchmen  always 
on  board  ;  per  month,    ........       .40 

If  undergoing  repairs,  or  on  the  stocks,  per  month,      .         .         .       .50 

If  exposed  from  the  shore,  or  by  other  boats,  within  one  hundred 
feet ;  charge,  in  either  case,  for  each  exposure,  per  month, 
additional^    ..........       .20 

Decline  all  boats  laid  up  because  trade  does  not  pay  ;  also,  boats  that 

are  hired  by  competing  lines  to  lay  up. 

SEASON   FIKE   RISK   ON   BOATS    RUNNING. 

On  Lake  Steamers  and  Propellers,  from  April  1  to  Dec.  1,  2.50  to  3.50 
On  Lake  Tow-boats  and  Tugs,  "         "  "        2.50  '•  3.50 

On  Steam  Ferry-boats  on  Western  rivers,  per  annum,        3.50  ''  5.00 
On  Western  river  Steamboats  "  4.00  ''  6.00 

On  Dredge-boats,  3.50  ^'  5.00 


32 


Accept  none  but  the  better  class  of  each.  Do  not  entertain  any 
worn-out  or  wortliless  craft,  and  refer  all  risks  to  the  Company.  Western 
river  boats  are  uninsurable  at  and  after  six  years  old.  Lake  craft,  being 
more  staunch,  are  good  for  a  couple  of  years  longer. 


[B'©®3i    (B]W©SK](EO, 


Bookbinders  are  usually  in  the  upper 
stories ;  stock  seldom  saved,  and 
easily  damaged  by  water.  Great 
danger  exists  from  the  paper 
shavings,  the  use  of  glue  pots  with 
lire,  and  the  employment  of  large 
numbers  of  careless  girls  and  boys. 

On  lower  floor,  deduct  .25. 


€la§s  A, 

.  1.25 

€laM§  B, 

.  1.50 

€las^  €, 

.  1.75 

€lsi!^§  D,   . 

.  2.00 

See  Planing  Mills. 


(BaSWiKOSi    aiM©    KAaI,^    Ijilt)!i3 


1^1^  i^a 


For  "  Malt  House"  exclusively  (no  f  Cla§§  B 
Brewery),  deduct  .50,  or  Brewery,  ^  01a§!ii  C, 
without  Malt  kiln,  deduct  .50.  Clas!^  D, 


2.00 
2.50 
3.00 


With  stable  attached,  add  .25 

For  grinding  by  steam  power,  add  .50  to  1 .00. 

If  distilling  is  done  to  any  considerable  extent,  decline  the  risk.  Give 
critical  attention  to  the  construction  of  malt  kilns  ;  these  are  the  chief 
causes  of  brewery  fires.  Decline  all  risks  where  the  malt  kiln  has  any 
wood-work  exj)Osed  in  the  cavity  over  the  fire.  Brick  walls,  iron  joists 
and  iron  floors  are  essential  to  safety. 

Submit  brewery  application,  diagram  and  ])rivate  report  before 
accepting. 


33 

(BB3[D®Si    Ml©    [PlSKi, 

Wooden  Bridges,  foot  and  carriage,  open,     .         .         .         1.S5 
Same,  covered,       ........         1.50 

R.  R.  Bridges  covered  with  metal,  and  cars  passing  ovek,     1.75 
Ordinary  covered  bridges,  cars  passing  thkough,  S.OO  to  S.50 

Do  not  insnre  a  particular  Bridge  for  a  Railroad  Company  that  does 
not  insnre  all ;  and  avoid  all  Bridges,  about  which  there  are  any  litiga- 
tions or  local  jealousies.     Insure  no  old,  sagging  or  dilapidated  Bridges. 

On  Bridges  over  navigable  streams — draw  or  stationary — add  ,25 
to  .50  for  exposure  of  steamboats. 

R.  R.  Bridges  should  have  a  watchman,  barrels  of  water  and  buckets ; 
and,  at  the  best,  are  not  very  desirable. 

Repairs,  Alterations,  Slc, 

The  usual  rate  on  buildings  erecting  or  repairing,  is  a  cent  a  day 
per  $100,  for  a  month  or  more. 

For  15  days  or  less,  charge  .20.  For  2  months  or  less,  charge  .55. 
"      1  month    "  "       .»0.       "   3       "  "  "      ,75. 

And  for  longer  periods,  at  the  short  rates  of  2.00. 

Take  builders'  risks,  at  above  rates,  on  houses  erecting,  only  for 
oioners  I  and  in  anticipation  of  securing  the  regular  insurance  when 
finished.  Charge  Johhers  and  Contractors  Carpenter-shop  rates — which 
see.  As  a  rule,  decline,  unless  you  know  the  contract  to  be  a  profitable 
and  satisfactory  one.  Doors  and  windows  to  be  closed  up  at  night,  or 
a  watchman  provided ;  otherwise,  decline.  The  hazards  from  tobacco 
pipes,  glue  pot  fires,  soldering  fires,  careless  men  and  apprentices  and 
Sunday  loafers  make  these  risks  undesirable  except  under  the  most 
favorable  circumstances. 

For  privileges  of  alterations,  repairs  or  additions  to  property  already 
insur^ed,  charge  the  above  rates  in  addition  to  the  annual  premium. 

Parties  hiiilding,  repairing^  etc.^  on  insured  i^roperty^  vitiate  their 
policies^  unless  they  obtain  an  endorsed  permission  and  pay  the  extra 
rate.     See  "Endorsements." 


34 

STEAM. 
Bedstead  Factories 1    S"  (  Cla§S   B,      .      .      6.00 

Zr    "  :      :  :  :  :  :    li       Jcia^sc,  .  .  r.oo 

Large  Turning  Establishments        .       .       .       J    ^  (  ClasS   D,      .      .  1 0.00 

For  watei-  power,  deduct  3.00. 

Seldom  taken  by  careful  companies.  The  best  of  the  kind  may  be 
submitted,  with  manufacturing  application,  diagram  and  private  report. 
Water  casks  and  buckets  required  in  each  room ;  shavings  to  be  removed 
daily.  Arrangements  for  keeping  or  using  Yarnish,  Benzine,  etc.,  must 
be  examined  critically  and  made  satisfactory.  Furnace  outside  of  main 
building,  and  the  chute  for  shavings  to  be  of  best  construction  and 
"  fire  proof." 

If  Drying  kilns,  by  fire  heat,  are  within  fifty  feet,  decline 
unconditionally. 

Ordinary  hand  work  only,         .         .       f  Class  B,      •     .     S.50 

Stair    Builders    and    Ship   Cai-pentersK  Class  C,       .     .    3.00 

same  rates.  ( Class  D,      .     .    4.00 

Shavings  to  be  cleaned  out  daily,  and  water  casks  and  buckets  to  be 
kept.     If  exposed  by  lumber  yards,  add  .50  to  1  .OO. 


©^ 


If  in  connection  with  a  bakery,  add  .25    (  ^I****  ?'  '  '  ?'f? 

.      -rt                               *^                    i  Class  C,  .  .  1.75 

to  .50.                                                        i  ^,  '  ^\.^ 

(  Class  D,  .  ■  *J.*^5 

Examine  closely  the  Table  Furnaces  /  the  pipes  from  them  frequently 
pass  out  at  a  window,  endangering  the  wood  work. 

Confectioners'  Stocks,  sales  only,  no  bakery  or  manufactory,  .50 
less  than  above  figures. 

FiKEwoRKS,  either  on  steady  or  temporary  sale,  make  a  risk 
undesirable.     See  page  48, 


35 

(B-aKfigT     IFi\©T®K](E©,     See  Woolen  Mills. 


(B 


HSo     Detached. 


Add  for  exposures  :  [  ^. 

For  school  in  basement,  add  ,25.  J  ^|  ^' 

For   wooden  spire  on  Class   B,   unless    |  |^i„^^    n  |  |m 

absolutely  isolated,  add  .25. 


B,     .     .      .50 
.      .75 


Charge  .25  additional  on  Organs,  Melodeons,  Paintings,  Draperies, 
Ornaments,  Fixtures,  Furniture  and  Memorial  Windows  and  Tablets, 
and  insure  a  specific  amount  on  each. 

If  heated  by  furnaces,  the  registers  should  be  fastened  open. 
Furnaces  are  great  church  burners  !  The  fires  are  intermittent ;  great 
heat  is  wanted  suddenly;  chimneys  as  well  as  the  heaters  themselves 
crack  from  such  unsteady  and  spasmodic  use  ;  the  church  is  often  closed 
and  left  alone,  with  the  furnace  full  of  fire.  These  and  kindred  causes 
conspire  to  destroy  many  churches. 

Wooden  spires  and  large  projecting  cornices  catch  the  flames  in  sweeping  conflagra- 
tions. One  fire  in  London  thus  destroyed  eighty-seven !  In  Charleston  five,  and  in  Troy 
ten  churches,  asylums  and  public  edifices  were  burned  in  single  fires  !  Churches  have  not 
been  profitable  risks  to  Underwriters,  and,  desirable  as  they  may  seem,  present  no 
inducements  for  competition. 


©©ASM,  (Bi\KK3i\(ig9   Wia©®ra  im^  lp2.©jj©so  S)o®^i, 

Ordinary  hand  work  only,      .     .     .     .       (  *^'«***  *?      '     '     ^'^^ 

See  remarks  on  Conglomerate  Hazard.      )  r^,    **  Z^       '     '     Z.'!^ 
^  (  Class  D,      .    .    3.50 

Shavings  to  be  removed  daily.     Water  to  be  kept  handy. 

Cla§»i  B, 75.^  Carriages  ON  Wheels,  in  depositories  or  sales- 
Class  C,  .  .  .  .  1.00.  ^  rooms,  mercantile  risk  only — no  manufactory 
Class  !>,....     1.25.  )         exposing. 


36 

(D©A©50,    (Di\KK]i\©l   AMD    Wj^'Bm]    (Fi^rfOSlSS. 

STEAM. 

Inciudins  Ca?' and  Om7iihus  Factories.  ]  ^,-*         ^,'  m\i,^ 

^  J   1    .  *  A^  i  Class  €,    .    .    4.00 

J'or  water  power  deduct  l.OO.  |  Class  D  5  00 

If  Blacksmithing,  Plating,  Painting  and  Trimming,  as  well  as  Wood 
work,  are  done  in  the  same  or  contiguous  buildings,  making  a  Conglom- 
erate Hazard,  add  .50  to  1.50. 

Shavings  to  be  removed  daily.  Water  casks  in  each  department. 
Yarnish,  Benzine,  Turpentine,  Oils,  etc.,  used  in  the  Paint  shop,  must 
be  kept  in  metal  and  securely  placed.  No  night  work  allowed  among 
these  articles. 

Submit  manufacturing  application,  diagram,  and  private  report 
before  accepting. 

Ordinary  hand  work  only,  .     .     .     .       (  ^*^**  *5     '     •  p'J?^ 

See  page  30  for  steam  Barrel  factories.    1  ^J^**  ^     '     '  ^'^JJ 
^  ^  \  Class  D,     .    .  3.00 

Shavings  to  be  cleaned  out  daily,  and  water  to  be  kept  handy. 

[New  England  Mills  have  local  rates  and  rules  of  their  own — these  figures  do  not  apply.] 

Water.       Steam. 

Picker  outside  in  fire-proof  room,  and    (  ^^l"*'*  ?,'  'Z'^^   *^*!!'^ 
,^.n  .  ^    .   1  \  Class    C,  "Z.aO   3.00 

Mill  m  every  way  first-class,     .     .      ]  ^^^^^  ^^  .^^^^   ^^^ 

If  picker  inside  in  ordinary  close  room,  add  ..10.  Lights  absolutely 
pr()hil)ited  in  ])ickcr  room.  Waste  to  be  removed  daily.  A  reliable 
watchman  should  always  be  on  duty.  Force  pump  and  hose  of  best 
construction  should  command  every  part  of  building,  or  water  casks  and 
buckets  placed  in  every  room.  ^ 


37 


Insurance  limited  to  two-thirds  actual  cash  value.  Machinery  not 
in  use  insured  only  when  applicants  furnish  schedule,  and  only  half 
actual  cash  value  covered. 

Encumbered,  untidy  or  unprofitable  mills  not  taken. 

Batting  and  wadding  mills  double  rates ;  usually  not  taken.  Submit 
cotton-mill  application,  diagram  and  private  report  before  accepting. 

See  "  Gasoline,"  page  2-1:,  for  advice  if  the  mill  is  lighted  by  port- 
able gas  machine.     When  running  day  and  night  charge  double  rates. 


New  Orleans  Tariff. 


•iStEl 


Brick,  Slated. 

Brick, tin  or  wood. 

Wood,  slated. 

All  wood. 

15  days  or 

less, 

.38 

.50 

.63 

.75 

1  month 

u 

.63 

.75 

.88 

1.00 

2       " 

ii 

1.13 

1.25 

1.38 

1.75 

3       " 

u 

1.63 

1.75 

1.88 

2.50 

4:           " 

u 

2.00 

2.13 

2.38 

3.25 

5       •' 

a 

2.25 

2.38 

2.63 

3.50 

6       " 

u 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

4.00 

New  Orleans  Tariff. 


TsQlEBi 


5Q[EBi]M. 


Brick. 

Frame. 

Saw  Mill  attached, 
additional. 

15  days. 

.40 

.50 

.20 

Animal  or  water 

power  only,  taken. 

Steam,  rejected 

unconditionally. 

1  month, 

2  " 

3  " 

4:           " 

5      " 

.60 
1.00 
1.50 
1.75 
2.25 

.75 
1.25 
1.75 
2.00 
2.50 

.25 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

6      '^ 

2.75 

3.00 

1.50 

Steam  has  proved   so  very  destructive  and  unprofitable,  as  to  be 
excluded   from    cotton-gin    insurance.      Any   improved   steam   gins   of 


38 


superior  construction,  and  for  the  best  parties,  may  be  submitted  for 
consideration  witli  manufacturing^  application,  diaf^ram  and  private 
report  Mitli  full  details. 

Particular  attention  is  directed  to  the  incendiary  danger  surrounding 
cotton  gins.  They  are  usually  remote  and  unwatched.  Hands  burn 
them  for  revenge,  or  spite,  or  on  account  of  un}>aid  wages.  A  match,  a 
pebble,  a  nail,  or  a  bit  of  steel  thrust  into  a  bunch  of  cotton,  does  the 
work  by  striking  fire  as  it  passes  through  the  gin.  Be  sure  everything  is 
right  before  accepting  these  risks.  Planters  sometimes  insure,  merely 
because  they  have  reason  to  fear  incendiarism.  It  is  often  impossible  to 
ascertain  the  amount  of  cotton  burned,  and  unsatisfactory  adjustments 
are  not  infrequent. 

Water  should  always  be  kept  handy. 


New  Orleans  Tariff. 


Brick,  slated. 

Brick,  tin  or  wood. 

All  wood. 

15  days, 

.38 

.38 

.50 

1  month, 

.75 

.88 

100 

2       " 

1.38 

1.63 

1.75 

3       " 

1.88 

3.38 

3.50 

4       " 

3.50 

3.13 

3.35 

5       " 

3.63 

3.38 

350 

6       " 

3.00 

3.88 

4.00 

Without  Jail,  and  used  Solely  for  County  Purposes. 

If  County  offices  are  in  the  Court 
House,  add  ,35, 

If  used  for  Public  Meetings,  Exhibi- 
tions, &c.,  add  .50, 


Cla^M 

B, 

.       .75 

€laM!!i 

€,    . 

.     1  .<K> 

ClatiM 

D, 

.     1.50 

Record  books  and  papers  are  not  to  be  covered. 


39 

Incendiary  danger  arises  from  the  revenge  of  desperate  criminals 
who  liave  been  punished,  from  unprincipled  land-sharks  who  wish  to 
destroy  records,  and  from  jealous  and  rival  towns  that  want  the  county 
seat. 

County  buildings  have  proved  to  be  unprofitable  to  underwriters  as  a 
class. 

(  Class  B,         .     1.50 
j)^](Li,  ]  Class   €,    .    .    3.00 


(  Class  D,     .     .     decline. 


But  those  of  modern  construction,  with  iron  cells  or  cages,  and  every 
way  first  class,  may  be  taken  ,35  less. 

(0©(135^]TK^/     S'^f©KS^     ^M©     Sir©©5i§.-See    Page    ,8. 

Decline  to  insure  Drug  stocks,  except  upon  special  written  authority 
in  each  case.     They  are  undesirable  almost  without  exception. 

Retail  Prescription  Stores.  Wholesale  Drug  Stores. 

Class  A,  1.00  U^j.  ^j^^^„^^f^^t„^j  -ti/ Class  A,  1.50 

Class  B,  1.35    ^^.^  ^         ^^^  j^^^  Class  B,  1  75 

Class  C,  1.50      aiM»  ^  Class  C,  3.00 

Class  D,  3.00  J   ^^^  ^•""-  [  Class  D,  3.50 

The  experience  of  insurers  on  Drug  Risks  has  been  so  very  disastrous, 
that  they  are  now  classed  among  the  Special  Hazards  ;  and  some  compa- 
nies have  discarded  them  altogether.  There  is  in  a  Drug  stock  a 
complete  magazine  of  latent  combustion,  merely  w^aiting  for  the  touch  of 
a  careless  employe  to  burst  into  flame — turpentine,  varnish,  oils,  benzine, 
naphtha,  coal-oil,  acids,  phosphorus,  cobalt,  camphene,  alcohol,  etc.,  etc. 

Chemical  combinations  are  daily  called  for,  which,  in  preparation  by 
an  ignorant  hand,  may  turn  to  instant  incendiaries. 

When  the  above  rates  can  be  obtained  on  good  establishments  some 
good  Companies  accept  the  risks,  but  they  cannot  consent  to  any  abate- 
ment of  standard  figures  on  a  losing  class  of  hazards. 


40 

Decline,  as  a  rule.  (  <^*»**  «5     '     '     ^^^ 

"  French  process "  specially  danirerous.     )  ^I"**  ii'      "     *     ^/!!^ 
^  r  J         .^  (  Class  D,     .     .  10.00 

Those  of  the  best  grade,  profitable,  well  regulated  and  for  sterling 
men,  may  be  submitted  with  special  manufacturing  application,  diagram 
and  private  report. 

Alcohol  stills,  fine  city  establishments,  best  arrangements ;  half  the 
above  rates.  Whiskey  frauds  on  the  Government  and  extensive  rascality 
in  bonded  whiskey  have  resulted  disastrously  to  underwriters,  and  placed 
these  risks  under  ban.  Too  great  care  cannot  be  exercised  in  regard  to 
them. 

The  rates  and  rules  for  /Standard  Mercantile  Jiisl's,  on  pages  13  to 
16,  have  the  regular  Dry  Goods  and  Grocery  trade  for  a  basis.  See 
those  pages. 

Steam  Power.  DETACHED  RATES  Horse  Power. 

Class  B,        See   National  "1   (,!,..,.,,_   -p...„„  f_  f  ClaSS  B,      .       1.75 

Class  C    ^"''f  '^^T;  p '^'\r^  ""-^'"'^ '•'^  Class  C,     .    2.00 
J.-         w^'    ^^^^^  **"  ^°^'  1         i^xposure.         I  ^^,  '  -^  _„ 

Class  D,     lowing  pages.      J  [  ClaSS  D,      •      S.rtO 

Woodi-n  elevators,  sheathed  in  brick,  and  roofed  with  shite  or  metal,  class  as  B. 
Add  .25  to  .50  for  exposures  of  locomotives,  steamboats  and  propellers. 

At  standard  {rruin  marts  like  Buffalo,  Toledo,  Chica<?o  and  Milwaukee,  if  satisfactory 
board  rates  and  rules  have  been  established  on  Elevators,  you  will  conform  to  them. 

See  that  all  the  shafting  runs  true  ;  that  the  journals,  top  and  bottom,  are  in  metal 
boxes ;  that  all  bearings  are  regularly  oiled  and  well  arranged ;  with  water  handy  at 
each  point.  Also,  that  the  belting  and  elevator  bands  do  not  rub  or  touch  any  wood  at 
the  edges,  creating  great  danger  from  friction. 

In  Horse  Elevators  the  Stable  Risk  is  usually  added.  Where  this  is  not  the  case, 
and  all  is  in  first-class  order,  you  may,  at  discretion,  reduce  the  above  rates  .!25.  See 
that  all  is  tidy,  and  that  no  undue  hazard  arises  from  loafing  or  smoking.  Casks  of  water 
should  be  placed  on  the  landings  and  on  every  Hoor. 


41 


The  following  are  the  requirements  for  a  Standard  Elevator  and  the  rates  adopted  by 
the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters.  They  are  coinmonded  to  the  careful  consider- 
ation of  Underwriters  throughout  the  countrv. 


A  First  Class  Elevator  Risk  MUST  conform  (substantially)    ;   KatC  OH    Standard    ElCVatOr,  4.00 


to  the  following  Standard  : 

1.  No  External  Exposure. 

2.  Power.    Water  or  steam  generated  outside  of  Elevator. 

3.  Buildinsr.    To  be  substantially  constructed  of  Brick, 

Stone  and  Plank.  Walls  not  less  than  twenty  inches, 
and  plankingnotless  than  six  inches  at  top.  Planking 
covered  on  outside  with  corrugated  or  plain  Iron  or 
Slate. 

4.  Roofs.    Covered  with  Metal,  Slate  or  Gravel. 

5.  (iuttersand  Cornice.    Of  Brick,  Stone  or  Metal. 

6.  Windows.    With  Shutters  covered  with  Metal  and  Wire 

Screens. 

7.  Projections.    Towers  and  Cupolas  covered  with  Slate 

or  Metal,  lined  undern-;ath  with  Metal. 

8.  Posts.    Supporting  Bins,  not  more  than  12  feet  from 

centre  to  centre. 

9.  Bins.    Plank,    substantially    built,     and    thoroughly 

spiked. 

10.  Elevators.    The  foot  of  Iron,  and  Pullies  not  less  than 

1000  pounds  weight.  The  outside  Elevator  to  be 
raised  into  Tower  when  not  in  use. 

11.  Tightening  Pullies.   Iron  suflSciently  heavy,  requiring 

no  extra  weights. 

12.  Machinery  and  Shafting.   To  rest  on  independent 

posts  from  the  foundation  of  building. 

13.  Bearings.  To  run  on  "  Babbitt"  metal,  (except  bear- 

ings of  machinery  for  hoisting  the  Elevators),  all  to 
be  self-adjusting  or  oscillating. 

14.  Conveyors.    None  under  the  floor  in  whole  cr  in  part. 

15.  Water  Tanks.    Two,  placed  in  the  extreme  ends  and 

highest  points  practicable  of  the  building,  not  to  be 
less  than  12  feet  in  diameter  and  8  feet  deep,  with 
two  inch  pipe  extending  from  same  to  basement — 
with  hose  attached  iu  each  story  for  immediate  use, 
to  be  filled  the  year  round  (salt  in  water  to  prevent 
freezing.) 

16.  Casks  and  Buckets.    Casks  of  water.  Iron  bound,  of 

at  least  40  gallons  capacity,  placed  on  every  floor,  in 
the  vicinity  of  all  the  principal  bearings,  with  three 
buckets  to  each  cask. 

17.  Boiler   House.   If  attached    to   building  shall  be  of 

Brick  or  Stone,  with  Iron  roof. 

18.  Steam  Pipes.   Not  to  pass  within  two  inches  of  wood 

work. 


Additional  Premiums    for  deficiencies    as 
follows  : 

1.  10c.    and    upwards  in     proportion    to 

hazard. 

2.  Steam  generated  in  main  building  20c. 

3.  Frame  Elevator,  35c.      No  charge  for 

gutters  or  cornice  on  frame  buildings. 


4.  Shingle  Roof,  10c. 
6.  Wood,  5c. 

6.  Without  Screens,  5c.    Without  covered 

Shutters,  5c. 

7.  Not  lined  underneath,  10c. 

8.  Over  12  feet,  5c. 

9.  Otherwise  constructed,  5c. 
10    If  not  so  constructed,  5c. 


11.  If  extra  weight  is  used,  5c. 

12.  If  on  Bins  or  Posts  resting  on  Bins, 

25c. 

13.  If  in  wood,  25c. 


14.  If  under  or  partially  under,  5c. 

15.  None,  25c. 


16.  None,  25c. 


17.  If  in  the  main  building  unless   under 

brick  arch,  25c. 

18.  Otherwise  inadmissible. 

[See  next  page.] 


42 


1».  stairs  and  Runways.  To  be  protected  by  railings. 

20.  Smokr  Stark.    Brick  or  Stone,  outride  of  building  to 

extend  ten  feet  above  the  roof. 

21.  Oils.    Pare  Sperm  or  Lard  Oil  on  Machinery. 

•I'i.  Lights.    Coal  Gas.  Sperm  or  Lard  Oil  only. 
'j:{.  (ias  Krarkets.    To  be  Stationary. 

Watch.  A  constant  watch,  by  day  and  night,  with 
clock  or  '•watchman's  control"'  shall  be  maintained 
during  the  Elevating  season,  and  the  keys  shall  be 
so  distributed  that  the  night  watchman  shall  be 
compelled  to  visit  the  extreme  points  of  the  building 
hourly. 

Sniokins:.    Not  allowed  on  the  premises. 

Elevators.  Not  in  use  during  season  of  Navigation 
(poli«y  to  guarantee  Elevator  not  to  runl,  and  watch- 
man as  provided  in  No.  24,  to  be  taken  at  40  per 
cent,  less  than  Tariff  rate. 


i\ 


19.  Not  protected,  10c. 

20.  In  building,  other  than  hollow  walls,  5c. 

and     ni)wards.     Iron    stack    in    the 
building  inadmissible. 

21.  If  manufactured  or  Rock  Oils  are  nsed, 

20c. 

22.  If  lighted  with  Kerosene  Oils,  25c. 
2.3.  If  swing  brackets,  inadmissible. 

24.  No  watchman,  30c.  Watchman  and  no 
watch  or  clock,  2.5c.  Partial  watch 
20c. 


25.  Otherwise  inadmissible. 

26.  Without  watchman  at  full  Tariff  rate. 


1.  No  allowance  to  be  made  for  anticipated  improvements  or  changes. 

2.  The  rates  named  are  in  all  cases  to  be  considered  the  net  rates,  and  no  rebate  or  deduction  of  any 

kind  shall  be  allowed. 

3.  Risks  may  be  taken  for  two  days  only  at  half  of  five  days  rate. 

4.  All  reinsurances  shall  be  specific,  and  in  all  cases  shall  name  the  time,  location,  and  name  of  owners 

of  subject  insured,  and  no  transfer  shall  be  made  unless  there  is  a  positive  sale  of  the  property 
originally  insured. 

5.  The  rate  on  Elevator  buildings  shall  be  the  same  as  the  rate  on  the  contents. 

tJ.  No  risk  to  be  taken  on  the  contents  of  any  Elevator  to  exceed  one  month,  excepting  between  November 
2()th  and  May  1st.  following. 

7.  Pruniiums  shall  be  charged  from  the  time  of  the  entry  of  the  risk,  until  notice  of  the  discontinuance  is 

given  in  ivriting  at  the  ofHce,  and  when  a  risk  nms  over  the  time,  for  which  a  rate  has  been  given, 
the  next  highest  short  rate  shall  be  charged. 

8.  Specific  amount  must  be  named  in  each  and  every  Elevator,  and  time  for  which  insurance  is  desired. 

The  above  was  adopted  by  the  National  Board  in  May,  1867.  Two  years  later  a 
special  arrangrement  was  effected  whereby  the  basis  rate  FOR  the  City  of  Buffalo  was 
lowered  to  $3  00. 


(FiaiR    ©K®33!M®8, 


Wooden  Luildiiiiijs  detaclicd,     .         .         .         I.^O. 

Insure  none  but  new,  good  buildings,  in  which  some  pride  is  taken 
by  the  public. 

Put  a  specific  amount  on  each  buihling ;  also  so  inucli  each  on  the 
stables,  pens,  etc.  Being  out  of  town  and  vacant  a  great  portion  of  the 
year,  Fair  buildings  are  frequently  the  objects  of  malicious  mischief.  If 
any  local  or  other  jealousies  or  prejudices  exist,  decline. 


43 

These  little  incendiaries  have  cost  the  Coni])^nies  millions  of  dollars- 
The  great  Portland  Fire,  July  4, 1866,  was  caused  by  a  fire-cracker.  Each 
return  of  our  national  anniversary  witnesses  a  score  of  fires  directly 
traceable  to  the  same  cause.  Absolute  prohibition  of  Fire  AVorks  in  or 
among  insured  property  has  been  sought  by  Underwriters  as  the  only 
remedy  for  the  evil.  The  following  resolutions  of  the  National  Board 
indicate  the  judgment  of  that  body  on  the  question  of  Fire  AVorks : 

Ecsolved.  That  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters 
do  most  earnestly  recommend  to  all  Companies  doing  the  business  of  Fire  Insurance  in 
the  various  cities  of  this  Union  to  refuse  permission  to  their  dealers  for  the  keeping  or 
sale  of  fire-crackers  or  fire-works  of  any  description. 

Resolved,  That  the  Secretary  of  this  Board  be  and  he  is  hereby  instructed  to  address 
a  circular  to  all  the  Local  Boards  in  the  United  States,  requesting  them  to  use  their  influ- 
ence immediately  with  the  local  authorities  to  prohibit  the  use  of  fire-works  on  July  4th, 
and  that  in  doing  so  he  call  special  attention  to  the  disastrous  experience  of  July  4th,  1866. 

The  above  resolutions  were  both  adopted. 

We  heartily  endorse  the  sentiment  of  the  above  resolutions.  Prohibit 
when  possible,  and  where  a  rate  imist  be  made  for  the  privilege  of  keej)- 
ing  Fire  Works,  let  it  be  one  per  cent,  per  week  on  the  whole  amount  of 
insm-ance  in  or  on  the  premises.  . 

STEAM. 


B, 

.     4.00 

i),     . 

.     5.00 

D, 

.     6.00 

For  water  power,  deduct  1.00.  -  Clai^ti^ 

(  €las»i 

Submit  full  survey  and  manufacturing  application. 

Open  lights  not  permitted.  Water  casks  and  buckets  required. 
Beware  of  new  experiments  in  flax  and  hemp ;  they  are  generally 
unprofitable,  and  frequently  close  up  with  a  fire. 

See  Bagging  Factokies  ;  also  Bope  Factories. 


44 


(Flour  liSliLis, 


Water  Power. 

J 

tearr 

iUis%  B,    •^/lo  J 

Isolated. 

1  C'la§» 

B 

<  IjiN!*  C  ,     •J.oO 

C'liarge  extra  for 

1  Classi 

C, 

c  isi!^!^  D,    :{.oo  ^ 

exposures. 

(  Class 

D 

Runner  Burks  sliould  be  let 
down  when  the  mill  stops,  either 
night  or  day. 

The  Fore-bay  should  be 
planked  above  the  highest  rise  of 
water,  and  proper  waste-ways  pro- 
vided, so  as  to  prevent  sudden  fresh- 
ets from  starting  the  mill  to  running 
at  night  and  burning  by  friction. 

Observe  whether  the  supjjly  of 
water  is  full  and  steady,  or  scant 
and  unreliable ;  tlie  value  of  a  mill 
depends  largely  uj^on  a  reliable  and 
steady  water  power. 


4.00 
.1.00 


Furnace  outside,  in  brick  or 
stone  boiler  house  ;  chinmey  stack, 
brick  or  stone ;  coal  for  fuel,  and 
the  mill  every  way  first-class. 

Add  .»50  for  wooden  boiler- 
house,  or  for  furnace  in  basement 
of  brick  mill ;  and  decline,  without 
terms,  all  frame  mills  with  boiler 
furnace  inside. 

Iron  Chimneys  rust  out,  and  are  not 
permanent ;  watch  for  loose  braces.  Where 
the  chimney  passes  a  floor  or  roof  it  should 
be  at  least  one  foot  from  the  wood,  and  no 
wood  work  should  be  nearer  than  six  feet 
to  the  top  of  the  boiler. 


Unless  Force  Pump  and  Hose  command  the  wliole  mill,  water  casks 
and  buckets  are  required  in  each  story. 

Shafting  in  wooden  hoxes  must  not  make  over  one  hundred  revolu- 
tions per  minute. 

Smut  Machestes,  Bran  Dusters  and  Fans  must  be  critically  exam- 
ined for  rapid  motions  and  heating  journals^  and  all  defects  in  this  line 
remedied  before  the  risk  is  insurable. 

Smut  Machine  in  hasement,  where  easily  flooded,  greatly  preferred. 
If  in  upper  story,  in  a  dark  corner,  cased  in  wood,  and  difiicult  of 
access,  it  is  a  first-class  incendiary.     Beware  ! 

Smut  must  not  be  permitted  to  accumulate  ;  it  sliould  be  blown  out 
of  the  building  as  made,  or  cleaned  out  daily. 

SAocaxG  of  any  part  of  the  mill  should  be  remedied  at  once  by 
proper  bracing.  Friction  and  heat  at  once  follow  when  the  shafting 
binds  or  fails  to  run  perfectly  true. 


45 

Tncendiaey  danger  should  be  searched  for,  and  tlireats  to  burn 
from  enemies,  if  any,  brought  to  light.  Insure  no  mill  that  has  been 
threatened. 

Globe  Lamps  only  should  be  permitted  in  a  flouring  mill,  A  num- 
her  of  disastrous  fires  have  occurred  from  the  dust  <f  middlings 
coming  in  contact  loith  the  flame  of  open  lamps.  This  is  well  authen- 
ticated and  reliable. 

Stoves,  Flues,  Pipes,  Matches,  should  each  receive  close  attention 
that  no  lurking  incendiary  be  overlooked. 

Ascertain  whether  the  mill  has  made  money  for  the  last  three  years, 
and  if  not  decline  it,  and  keep  clear  of  all  old,  unprofitable,  litigated, 
embarrassed,  nnpopular,  dirty,  or  ill-managed  concerns. 

Small  Mills,  in  the  hands  of  men  with  inadequate  capital,  invite 
close  criticism  ;  and  all  mills  so  remote  that  the  agent  cannot  insp>ect  them 
personally  are  undesirable.  Special  flour-mill  application,  diagram  and 
private  report  are  required  in  all  cases  before  accepting,  and  a  re- 
inspection  should  be  made  every  few  months.  Examine  every  portion 
of  the  machinery  ;  you  cannot  be  too  particular. 

Flour  mills  are  generally  total  losses.  The  elevators  and  spouts,  like 
flues,  give  rapid  circulation  to  the  flames,  and  the  mill  burns  down 
quickly.  Steam  mills  have  been  heavily  unprofitable  to  underw^riters, 
insomuch  that  some  reject  them  unconditionally ;  but  they  are  so 
prominent  among  the  industrial  enterprises  of  the  country  as  to  demand 
protection  at  the  hands  of  insurers,  if  it  can  possibly  be  afforded. 
Under  the  above  rules  and  rates,  the  Companies  generally  will  continue 
to  cover  the  better  class  of  flour  mills. 

The  cost  of  a  mill  is  no  criterion  of  its  value.  If  it  is  not  frofitahle 
it  is  not  insurable.  So  the  main  question  of  an  underwriter  should  be 
"  What  money  does  the  mill  make '{ "  rather  than  what  money  did  it 
cost  to  erect  it. 


CALIFoi^Vj 


46 

STEAM. 

For  pattern  shop,  add  .50  (  ^}^**  *?     •     *     ^'^^ 

^--— •-  '( ^!a^::  S; : :  •^:^:: 

Patterns  not  in  use  are  uninsurable.  Those  in  use  covered  for  only 
one-half  the  actual  cash  value,  and  the  insurance  on  them  must  be 
apportioned  amon<^  the  Companies  writing  other  j)ortions  of  the  risk. 

Flasks  must  not  be  piled  inside  the  foundry,  nor  against  a  frame 
building  or  fence  just  after  being  used. 

Chimney  of  cupola  must  rise  at  least  twelve  feet  above  wooden  roof 

Casks  of  water  and  buckets  required. 

Submit  manufacturing  application,  diagram  and  ])rivate  report 
before  accepting. 


(F^JKWT 


ifdJBd. 


VlasH  B,  . 

.  1.00 

Class  C,  . 

.  l.*J.^ 

Class  D,  . 

.  1.50 

Furniture  on  sale,  no  varnishing,  i 
repairing,  or  other  work  done —  "j 
Mercantile  risk.  ' 

Furniture  in  Dwellings,  Hotels,  and  other  buildings,  same  rates  as 
the  buildings. 

Furniture,  Fixtures  and  Organs  in  Churches. — See  Church  rates. 
FuKNtTURE  Factories. — See  Cabinet  Works. 


©i.^iS   W©KKi. 


Class  B,  .  .  d.*15 
Class  C,  .  .  2.50 
Class  D,  .  .  3.00 


See  that  the  furnace  and  annealing  ovens 
are  well  built,  the  general  arrange- 
ments tidy,  and  the  premises  properly 
cared  for  at  night. 

Box  making  and  straw  packing,  and  the  storage  of  straw  and  hay, 
present  special  features  of  danger  in  these  establishments,  and  call  for 
carpenter  shop  rates  in  many  cases. 

Submit  manufacturing  application,  diagram  and  private  report 
before  accej>ting. 


47 

Wooden  buildings  detached,     ....     1.50. 

Steam  Power,  Dec^line. 

When  exposed  by  Railroad  Locomotives,  decline. 

This  figure  is  for  small  farming  establishments,  and  no  night  work. 
Add  .50  for  more  than  one  press,  or  for  night  work.  Close  lanterns 
must  be  a  written  condition  of  the  policy — no  other  lights  permitted. 
Large  hay-pressing  and  shipping  warehouses  or  barns  will  be  considei-ed, 
each  on  its  separate  application,  and  a  rate  fixed  according  to  the 
particular  hazard  submitted.     Give  dimensions  and  exposures  of  such. 


Yards  or  lots  for  stacking,  rotting  and  breaking  hemp  by  hand,  with 
the  old-fashioned  brake — no  power,  no  exposures,  and  no  fires  on  the 
place — Insurance  on  stacks  and  sheds,  S.OO.  Hemp  to  be  removed  as 
fast  as  broken  and  baled.  Insure  so  much  on  each  stack.  liefer 
application  before  accepting. 

For  Steam  Hem])  Works,  see  Bagging  Factories,  Eope  Factories, 
and  Flax  and  Hemp  Mills. 


Detached. 

Brick    or    stone,    six    weeks    drying    privilege,   used   as   farm 

buildings  balance  of  year, 1.50. 

Frame,  do.  do.,  same  privilege,         .         .         .    1.75. 

Contents  during  drying  season,  per  month,  .....       .50. 

do.       for  the       "  "        of  six  weeks,       .         .         .         .1 .00. 

See  that  the  hop  stove  and  pipe  are   in  good  condition,    and  that 
buildings  have  good  brick  flues,  also  that  the  canvas  on  which  Hops  are 


48 

spread  does  not  come  within  five  feet  of  pipes.     Examine  the  cowl,  or 
ventilator,  and  see  that  the  draft  is  sufiicient. 

Stove  Room  shonld  be  plastered.  Stove  pipes,  passing  through 
partitions,  must  be  secured,  and  must  be  at  safe  distances  from  joists  or 
wood  work. 

In  consequence  of  the  necessary  intense  heat  during  the  "drying 
season,"  it  is  essential  that  barrels  of  water,  with  buckets,  be  at  hand. 
Agents  will  please  insist  on  this.  Also,  that  none  but  covered  lights  be 
used  at  night.  Candles  and  open  lamps  are  prohibited.  Wood  should 
not  be  piled  too  near  the  stove. 

Hops  fluctuate  in  value,  and  it  will  be  advisable  for  agents  to  carefully 
criticise  the  amount  of  insurance  requested.  A  policy  for  one-half  the 
cash  value  will  generally  be  sufficient. 

Detached. 

Decline  to  insure  all  large  Hotels,  except  upon  special  written 
authority  in  each  case. 

Charge  extra  for  exposures.  i  €la*«is  B,     .     .     1.50 

Private  boarding-houses  of  the  best  class,  ■]  Class    C,     •     .     2.00 
.50  ofi'  Hotel  rates.  (  Class  D,     .     .    2.50 

Hotels  containing  more  than  thirty  apartments  should  pay  at  the  rate  of 

4  cents  per  room,  for  CIa§s  B. 

5  "        Class  C. 

6  "        "      "        "  Class  ». 

/.  f.  The  nite  on  a  50  room,  Class  C  Hotel,  should  be  2.50.  A  GO  room,  D,  should  be 
3.60,  and  so  on.     Give  heed  to  this  rule  in  rating  large  hotels,  and  count  all  the  rooms. 

Great  care  should  be  taken  in  the  examination  of  all  stoves,  flues, 
and  pi])es,  particularly  in  the  kitchen.  Stove  pipes  ])assing  througli 
floors  or  i)artitions  must  be  secured  by  crocks  or  double  tin  thimbles. 
Jointed  gas  burners  that  can  be  turned  against  the  wall  or  wood  work 
are  very  dangerous.  Give  special  attention  to  the  L.vundry,  as  many 
Hotel  fires  originate  there. 


40 

On  small  country  Inns,  with  light  travel,  deduct  .25  to  .»50  from 
preceding  rates.  Insurance  on  Hotel  furniture  should  always  be  upon  a 
schedule  furnished  by  the  applicant,  and  at  the  same  rate  as  the  building. 

Tavern  and  Omnibus  Barns,  not  iised  as  Livery  j  Brick,     2.50 
Stahles, I  Frame,   3.00 

Hotels  are  graded  as  Special  Hazards^  and^  as  a  class,  are  very 
iLnprofitahle  to  underwriters.  Only  the  best  are  desired  at  the  figures 
named  ;  they  give  no  margin  for  competition. 

The  burning  of  the  Louisville  Hotel  and  the  Qalt  House  at  Louisville — the  Neal  House, 
at  Columbus — the  Collins  and  American,  at  Toledo — the  Read  House,  at  Erie — the 
Monongahela,  at  Pittsburgh — the  New  England,  at  Cleveland — the  Lindell,  at  St.  Louis — 
the  Continental,  at  Long  Branch — Congress  Hall,  at  Saratoga — the  International,  at  St. 
Paul — the  wholesale  attempts  upon  the  New  York  Hotels  during  the  war,  and  dozens  of 
other  notable  cases  that  could  be  cited;  all  illustrate  the  terrible  inflammability,  the 
easy  accessibility,  and  the  enormous  values  that  may  be  destroyed  in  Hotels  and  in  blocks 
exposed  by  them. 

In  the  one  city  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  no  less  than  seventeen  Hotels  have  burned  in  the 
eighteen  years  ending  with  1869 ! 

If,  for  the  comiufj  ten  years,  rates  on  Hotels  should  be  tripled,  the  probabilities  arc  that 
they  would  still  be  beldnd  with  the  Insurance  Companies. 


OflfOra     (Fraraa'SiS.      see  RoHms  MiHs. 


J) 


A31*i»       See  County  Buildings,  page  38. 


Do  not  cultivate  this  class  of  business  without  special  authority  from 
your  company. 

Lease  policies  are  to  indemnify  lessees  for  money  they  are  compelled 
to  pay  the  landlord,  while  leased  property  is  untenantable  from  fire. 
They  are  the  converse  of  lieiit  policies. 

The  property  must  be  repaired  without  delay,  and  the  insurer  pays  only  for  the  time 
the  building  was  untenantabh; ;  but  if  the  whole  amount  of  the  rental  is  not  insured,  the 
lessee  must  bear  his  pro  rata  of  loss,  unless  (as  in  the  New  York  form  of  policy)  the 
4 


Class  A,  • 

.   .90 

Class  B,  . 

.  1.00 

Class  C,  . 

.  1.25 

Class  D,  . 

.  1.75 

50 

agreement  is  to  pay  only  in  case  of  total  loss,  and  in  that  case  to  pay  the  whole  amount  of 

the  policy. 

The  "  interest "  covered  must  ho  limited  to  the  actual  amount  of  rent  which  the  lessee 
would  have  to  pay,  and  not  extended  to  cover  the  value  of  his  business,  prospective  profits, 
or  any  other  "interest."  Tliese  are  too  indefinite  and  intangible  to  be  made  the  subjects 
of  insurance.  And  it  should  be  well  ascertained  that  a  lease  is  profitable  before  any 
insurance  is  granted  ujwn  it.  For  correct  forms  of  Lease  policies  consult  Hine's  "  Book  of 
Forms." 

(LAITIr)     IF^e'irOBJlEi,      See  Saw  Mills. 

ILu^DOK  ^w©  W]wg  Stokes, 

Wholesale. 

These  rates  are  for  Stocks  iu  casks  and 

packages.    For  Drinking  Saloons,  add 

.50  to  1  .OOj  according  to  grade. 
For  Rectifying,  add  .25. 

Do  not  seek  this  class  of  risks.  The  values  of  liquors  are  so  uncertaitj  and 
fictitious,  and  the  demands  for  loss  or  damage  so  extravagant  and  irregu- 
lar, that  some  underwriters  have  questioned  whetlier  a  really  satisfactory 
adjustment  has  ever  been  had  upon  a  miscellaneous  liquor  stock  !  These 
remarks  should  not  apply  in  sections  where  Whisky  is  a  large  sta])le 
product,  and  has  a  recognized  commercial  value  ;  but  even  there  the 
moral  hazard  growing  out  of  the  Government  tax  and  the  illegal  meas- 
ures taken  to  avoid  it  warn  us  against  free  insurance  on  Whisky. 

Wliisky  in  bond  must  be  insured  only  by  the  Government  numbei*s 
on  barrels :  No. to  No. ,  inclusive. 

As  a  rule,  decline  Drinking  Saloons,  and  also  treat  them  as  bad 
exposures  to  other  risks. 

(Li^Esv  Sirj\©3,eg, 

Detached. 

Get  additional  for  exposures.  i  Class  B,     .     .     !3.50 

If  Farrier   and    i^lacksmith    adjoin    or  ]  Class  C,      .     .     *2.7ii 

expose,  get  1.00  to  2.00  additional.  (  Class  D,     .     •     3.50 

Open  lights  prohibited,  and  all  lights  should  be  stationary  :  Beware 
of  Coal  oil.     Smoking  expressly  forbidden.     Water  sliould  be  handy. 


51 

Greasy  rags,  from  the  oiling  of  harness,  induce  spontaneous  combustion, 
and  shoukl  be  looked  after. 

Insure  a  specific  amount  on  each  item  covered,  as  $50  each  on  twenty 
horses;  $10  each  on  forty  sets  of  harness;  $100  each  on  ten  carriages; 
$75  each  on  eight  buggies;  $500  on  hay,  grain  and  feed — ($8,500). 
Never  write  a  general  policy ;  if  some  horses  are  so  valuable  that  an 
average  amount  would  not  be  satisfactory,  let  the  owner  fnrnish  a 
schedule,  and  insure  each  horse  by  name  and  description,  putting  an 
agreed  amount  on  each.  ^^ Blanket  Policies^''  on  Livery  Stables^  will  he 
canceled  as  soon  as  reported  ! 

For  Private  Barns  and  Stables,  see  page  9. 

lLi5!a©S'^  l^a^E)^— W®©©  ^^mm. 

Detached  and  secured  by  a  good  wall  or  fence,        .     2.00 

"  "     without  fence, 2.50  s 

If  within  eighty  feet  of  a  steam  saw  or  planing  mill,  add  l.»50  to 
3.00.  If  within  fifty  feet,  get  mill  rates  or  decline,  and,  in  either  case, 
submit  survey  and  diagram  before  binding.  Get  proper  additional  pre- 
mium for  exposures  of  stables,  carpenter  shops,  etc.,  and  (if  on  docks)  for 
steamers  and  locomotives.     Office  in  yard  same  rate  as  lumber. 

Small  yards  are  preferred.  If  on  two  sides  of  a  street,  put  a  specific 
amount  on  each  part ;  this  is  imperative  /  two  yards  inust  not  he  covered 
in  one  sum. 

Wood  yards  and  stave  yards — no  pine  or  soft  lumber — may  be  taken 
.25  less  than  above  rates,  and  a  like  discrimination  may  be  made  in 
favor  of  green  lumber. 

STEAM. 

For  water  power,  deduct  .50.  j  ^^^^^  ^i     '     '    *^-^^ 

IfFoundry  adjoins,  see  Foundry  Kates.  1  ^I****  i{'      "     '     2'*^'^ 
•^      ••  (  €las^  D,    .    .    3.00 

See  same,  for  rules  in  regard  to  Patterns  and  Pa'itern  Shops.  If 
wood  work  is  done,  see  Agrkuiltural  Implement  Rates.  Submit  manu- 
facturing application,  diagram  and  private  I'eport  before  accepting. 


52 


Do  not  cultivate  this  class  ofhusiness  without  special  permission  from 
your  company,  except  to  issue  i)olicies  on  desirable  buildings  to  tue 
OWNER  :  Luss,  if  any^  payahle  to  John  Doe,  Mortgagee. 

Mortgage  insurance,  proper,  is  simply  debt  innurance.  The  policy  issues  to  the  mort- 
gagee to  protect  Ilia  interest.  If  any  loss  is  paid,  the  mortgagee  assigns  to  the  insurance 
comj)any  an  interest  in  the  mortgage  equal  to  the  sum  so  paid,  and  the  company  collects 
from  the  debtor.  A  policy  issued  to  a  mortgagee  on  his  interest  is  of  no  benefit  to  the 
owner  of  the  property.  It  is  a  collateral,  obtained  by  tin;  mortgagee,  at  his  own  expense, 
for  his  own  benefit,  and,  although  the  niortgaget^  thus  (when  loss  is  paid)  gets  payment 
of  his  claim,  the  debtor  is  not  discharged,  but  must  ])uy  to  the  company,  to  whom  assign- 
ment has  been  made.  For  proi)er  forms  of  Mortgage  policies,  see  Hine's  "  Book  of 
Forms." 


See  Rolling  Mills. 
Water  Power, 

A  1  w     G.         .     o  •  1  ^-,  (  Class  B,     .    .    2.00 

Add  tor  bteara,  in  crick,        .oO.  1  r'l«i««   f  *»•»'% 

"         "  Fra,„e,  1.0«.  )  ,,,„„,  „;    .    .    3.30 

Lard  Oil  making  exclusively,  no  fire  heat  and  no  steam,  .'35  oft' 
above  rates. 

For  Lard  Oil  making  in  connection  with  soaj)  and  candles,  see  Soap 
ANi»  Candle  P'actories.  These  estal)li8lini('Mts,  owing  to  the  introducti(»n 
of  Petroleum,  are  not  ])rofitable  as  formerly,  and  call  for  good  judgment 
on  the  part  of  insurers. 

Press  cloths  in  ;ill  nil  mills  are  specially  liable  to  heat  and  produce 
8p(»ntan(M)Uft  combustion  when  left  in  heaps.  Unless  systematically 
cleaned  and  s])read,  or  iiung,  decline  the  I'isk. 

Submit  maiHifacturing  application,  diagram  and  private  report  before 
accepting. 


53 


o.oO  to 


Only  the  best  of  these  will  be  taken  i  Class  B,     . 

upon  full  correspondence,  application,  ^  C'lass  C,      .     .  lO.OO 
diagram  and  private  report.  '  Class  D,     •     .  decline. 

Still  Houses  generally  uninsurable;  rate  from  lO.OO  ii])war(ls. 
Agitating  Houses,  Receiving  and  Barreling  Houses,  worth  from  St.OO  to 
6.00,  according  to  arrangement  and  nearness  to  stills. 

"  Oil  Yards,"  for  storage  of  crude  petroleum  in  tanks,  cisterns  and 
otherwise,  pay  from  4.00  to  6.00  (and  short  rates  of  same)  according 
to  arrangement.  Crude  petroleum  at  Oil  City,  or  elsewhere  in  the  oil 
regions,  is  uninsurable. 

Competition  on  these  risks,  in  connection  with  a  "  run  of  luck,"  has 
reduced  the  rates  below  a  safe  standard.  The  extreme  inflammability  of 
the  material  is  notorious,  and  has  been  the  cause  of  some  very  destructive 
fires. 

(  Class  B,    .     .    *3.50 

For  relined  Petroleum,  in  barrels,     .     .  <  Class    C,     .     .     2.75 

'  Class   D,     .      .     dec-line. 

Some  warehouses  have  been  constructed  at  Pittsburgh  and  elsewhere, 
for  refined  oil,  with  ventilators  and  appliances  specially  adapted  to  the 
trade.     In  such  as  these,  the  tariff  may  be  abated  .25. 

defined  Oil  stored  in  cellars  and  elseivhere  among  mercantile  risks  adds 
.50  to  the  rate.  It  is  folly  for  parties  to  compare  refined  oil  in  barrels, 
w^ith  whisky  and  other  tight  packages  on  storage.  Its  great  penetrative- 
ness  defies  the  tightest  barrels  and  mocks  at  glue  and  paint.  It  icill 
ooze  out,  and  offer  food  for  the  accidental  flame  that  else  had  done  no 
harm.  Petroleum,  in  all  its  stages,  is  a  dangerous  article,  and  should 
always  pay  full  figures  for  insurance. 

Storage  of  "  Coal  Oil,"  even  in  the  smallest  quantities,  among  other 
merchandise,  should  be  discouraged.  Retail  dealers,  who  ])urchase  two 
or  three  barrels,  should  not  l)e  permitted  to  expose  their  other  insured 
property  by  bringing  it  upon  the  premises. 


54 


©3L    iiWD    ^ABP    S'-rOKS^. 


The  danger  arises  from  storage  of  Petro- 
leum, the  mixing  and  vending  of  Cam- 
|)hene,  and  having  these  intlamniable 
fluids  on  drauglit  at  all  hours. 


*ii^ 


Class  C,     .    .     1.75 
Class  D,     .    .    *2.00 


If  these  rates  cannot  be  obtained,  decline  the  risk. 

A  lam^)  stock,  being  mainly  of  glass,  is  difficult  to  remove,  and  is 
not  a  choice  risk,  aside  from  the  Oil  and  Camphene  hazard.  As  a  rule, 
do  not  solicit  these  risks  ;  criticise  them  closely  when  oftered,  and  reject 
firmly  any  that  do  not  commend  themselves  to  your  judgment  after  rigid 
inspection. 

Small,  well  arranged  stocks  will  pass  at  .25  below  this  tarifl'. 

Attention  is  invited  to  what  is  said  of  Gasoline  and  its  kindred,  on  pages  23,  24,  and 
25.  The  so-called  "Non-explosive  Oils"  have  Naphtha,  Gasoline,  or  Benzine  for  their 
hase,  and  are  danjrerous  in  the  extreme.  The  itinerant  venders  of  these  murderous  fluids 
are  either  very  ignorant  or  very  reckless  ;  their  "  tests  "  are  delusive,  and  their  wares 
jeopardise  all  who  touch  them.  Have  nothing  to  do  with  any  of  the  patent  compounds 
that  will  not  stand  the  ordinary 

Fire  Test  ; 
Which  is  simply  to  heat  a  little  of  the  liquid  ;  if  it  flashes  below  100  degrees,  or  burns 
below  120,  refuse  it  unconditionally.  This  may  be  done — with  coal  oil  or  any  other 
illuminator — by  pouring  a  few  spoonsfull  in  a  saucer  and  floating  the  saucer  on  a  vessel 
of  ^*a^n  water  ;  put  a  thennonieter  in  the  water  and  as  the  heat  rises  hold  a  lighted 
match  close  over  the  oil  and  note  the  temperature  at  which  it  flashes  and  burns.  The 
"  non-explosive"  oils  will  not  bear  this  test  at  all,  many  of  them  will  inflame  at  freezing 
point ! 

©mmmz  ■  (Blocxd. 

See   Page   i6. 


IF 


^4\feK  ll^JiiLS, 


These  rates  are  for  Mills  that  are  every  l  Class  B,     .     .     •l.»J5 

way  tirst-class  as  to  construction  and  '\  Class  C,      •     •     3.50 
management — paper  dried  by  steam-^  '  Class  D,     •     •     Jl.OO 
neither   bleaching   nor  sizing   i)repared    in   the  building — rags   neither 


55 

stored  nor  sorted  in  the  mill — cotton  waste  not  permitted  to  be  stored 
in  or  near  tlie  mill ;  this  last  is  very  danji^erous,  and  should  he  well 
looked  to. 

For  storing  or  sorting  rags,  or  for  preparing  bleaching  or  sizing,  add 
,•50,  Submit  paper-mill  application,  diagram  and  private  report  before 
accepting. 

If  straw  and  straw  stock  are  used  charge  Wkapping-Papek  Mill  rates. 

If  the  paper  is  manufactured,  charge  Paper-Mill  rates. 

If  only  the  printing,  coloring  and  pre-  i  da§§  B,  •  •  1,50 
paring  of  hangings  are  done,  charge "(  Class  C,  •  •  1,75 
for    ...     .' (  Class  D,    .     .    2,00 

Stacks  of  Straw  and  Flax  should  not  (  ^^^^    5'      *     *     iJ'^JJ 

1  .1       Kn  +•    ^  \  Class    C,      .    .    3.50 

be  nearer  than  50  leet.  i  ^-  wJ  -  ^^ 

I  Class    D,     ■    .    4,00 

Submit  paper-mill  application,  diagram  and  private  report  before 
accepting.  Only  the  very  best  will  be  accepted  ;  they  are  desperate 
risks. 

Hand  Wokk  only.  j  Class  B,     .    .    55.75 

For  steam  power,  charge  Cabinet  Fac-  {  Class  C,     .     .     3,00 
TORY  rates.  '  Class  D,     .    .    3.50 

Shavings  to  be  removed  daily  and  water  kept  handy. 

Notice  particularly  the  glue-heating  arrangement  and  the  drying 
boxes ;  they  must  be  of  the  best  construction,  or  they  condemn  the  risk. 

Small  shops,  working  three  or  four  hands,  will  be  accepted  .50  below 
these  figures. 


Moulding  Factories, 
Sash  and  Blind  Factories, 
Tib  and  Bucket  Factories, 
Packing  Box  Makeks, 
Wooden  Trunk  Makers, 
Frame  Makers,  and 
AVoRKERS    IN    Soft  Wood 
generally. 


56 

STEAM, 

Water  power,  1.00  to  !j.OO  less. 

Planing  Mills, 

Flooring  Mills,  ■(  €la»is    €,     .     .      8.00 

I  ClaHH  D,    .     .  lO.OO 

_  The  whole  list  is  undesirable,  and  will 
I-      be  deelined  as  a  rule. 
p'  Those  of  the  better  grades  may  be  sub- 
mitted   with    special    manufacturing 
application,  diagram  and  ])rivatc  re- 
port, and  those  approved  will  be  ac- 
cepted at  the  fullest  rates  only. 
The  furnace  must  be  of  the  best  construction,  and  the  chute  for  shavings  fireproof. 
Water  casks  and  buckets  required  in  each  room.     Drying  Kilns  not  permitted  within 
50  feet.     These  risks  are  usually  exposed  by  lumber  yards,  stables,  etc.     Give  full  descrip- 
tion of  all  surroundings. 

For  Hand  Work  onl}',  see  CARrENTER-SHOP  rates. 

Including  Daguerreotype,  Ambrotype,  i  *^'*>**   "^      •     •     ■.•>0 

and  all  Sun-picture  works,     .     .     .  ]  ^:'***  ^'>       '     *     ^•"" 
^  '  (  Class  D,      .    .    •i.oO 

Being  usually  in  the  upper  stories,  and  composed  largely  of  delicate 
materials,  salvage  is  difficult,  and  they  make  bad  losses. 

Valttes  are,  in  a  great  degree,  profess ional,  Qiot  mercantile,  and 
should  be  closely  scanned ;  insure  only  half  the  valuation.  See  that  all 
chemicals  are  in  projjer  order.     Look  out  for  gun-cotton. 

If  there  is  a  solar  lens,  see  that  it  has  an  arranoement  for  shuttinjj 
out  the  sun  when  not  in  use;  it  will  iire  a  ])ine  board  in  a  few  seconds 
when  in  focus. 

Insurance  in  Photograph  Galleries  should  be  ui)()n  a  schedule  fur- 
nished by  the  owner,  and  having  satisfactory  valuations  annexed. 

Insure  no  Travelling  Photograph  Cars  or  contents. 


57 


Annual  Warehouse  rates,  with  the  privileges  of  j  Brick,  1.50 
cutting,  salting,  bulking  and  packing  only,     .  (  Frame,  3.00 

Annual  rates,  including  above,  and  the  additional  \  Brick,  3.3*) 
privilege  of  smoking  only, (  Frame,  3.7«> 

Fire.  Steam. 

„         ■.,     ■  ;       t      ,  ■        1  )  Bek-k,  a.oo     a..>o 

Same,  with  privilege  of  rendering  only  |  ^^^^^^  ^^^      ^^^^ 

Fire.  Steam, 

Same,  with  privileges  both  of  smoking  j  Brick,  3.*>0  4.00 
and  rendering, (  Frame,  4.00       4.50 

For  the  privilege  of  slaughtering,  add  to  either  j  Brick,  .75 
of  the  above, (  Frame,  l.OO 


[But  annual  risks  on  slaughter  houses  that  are  not  in  connection 
with,  or  used  for  other  branches  of  the  business,  are  not  desired.] 


SHORT  RATES,  INCLUDING  WAREHOUSE  RISKS. 


Warehouse 
Risk. 

With 

Smoking 

Only. 

With  Rendering  only. 
Fire.         1       Steam. 

With 
Slaughtering 

With                With 
Smoking  and  i  Smoking  and 
Rendering.    ,  Slaughtering. 

With 

Rendering 

and 

Slaughtering. 

With 

Smoking, 

Rendering  & 

Slaughtering. 

Brick. 

Fr'me. 

Brick.  Fr'me. 

Brick. 

Fr'me.'  Brick. 

1 

Fr'me. 

Brick. 

Fr'me. 

Brick. 

Fr'me.   Brick. 

Fr'me. 

Brick. 

Fr'me. 

Brick. 

Fr'me. 

.30 

.40 

.90      1.00 

.50 

.60 

.70 

.80 

.60 

.80 

.95 

1.05       1.05 

1.20 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

2     " 

.45 

.60 

1.50      1.65 

.75 

.90 

1.05 

1.20 

.90 

1.20 

1.55 

1.70  !    1.70 

1.80 

1.20 

1.70 

1.80 

2.10 

3     " 

.CO 

.80 

1.85      2.05 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.20 

1.60  ;    2.05 

2.25       2.25 

2.40 

1.60 

2.10 

2.40 

2.H0 

4     " 

.75 

1.00 

i».20      2.45 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

1.50 

2.00      2.45 

2.70  ;    2.70 

3.00 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3..')fl 

5    " 

.9U 

1.2U 

2.50      2.80 

1.50 

1.80 

2.0U 

2.30 

l.KO 

2.30      2.75 

3.05      3.05 

3.60 

2.30 

2.75 

3.G0 

4.00 

6    " 

1.05 

1.40 

2.80      3.15 

1.75 

2.10 

2.25 

2.50 

2.00 

2.50      3.05 

3.40  :    3.40 

3.90 

2.50 

3.00 

3.90 

4..')0 

12    " 

1.50 

2.00 

3.25      3.75 

2.00 

2.50 

2.50 

3.00 

2.25 

3.00      3.50 

1.00  1   4.00 

4.50 

3.00 

3.75 

4.50 

5.50 

As  a  rule,  however,  decline  all  establishments  having  a  frame  smoke 

HOUSE. 

Cutting  and  Packing  are  not,  of  themselves,  very  hazardous ;  but 
they  are  usually  done  in  a  hurried  manner,  and  often  at  night.  See 
that  all  lights  are  well  secured  with  good  lanterns  or  sconces,  and  that 
careless  hands  are  not  allowed  to  use  pieces  of  meat  for  candlesticks. 

Lard  Bendering  is  dangerous  at  the  best,  and  should  be  done  only 
by  experienced  and  trusty  hands.  The  Kettles  should  be  well  set,  and 
the  top  of  the  furnace  covered  with  an  iron  plate,  having  a  flange  at 


58 

least  one  inch  high  around  the  edges.  An  Extinguisher  should  be 
hung  on  a  pully  that  can  be  let  down  over  the  Kettle  instantly  if  the 
lard  takes  fire.  Water  will  not  quench  hiirning  grease,  it  can  only  he 
done  hy  smothering.  Fires  should  be  put  out  at  night,  and  the  floor  of 
the  lard  room  should  be  brick  or  earth. 

Steam  Rendeking  is  extremely  hazardous  from  the  generation  of 
explosive  gas  that  takes  fire  from  a  lighted  candle.  No  lights  of  any  Icind 
— 02)en  or  closed — should  ever  he  permitted  about  Steam  Lard  Taiiks. 

Smoking  is  the  great  peril  of  the  business,  and  the  arrangements 
should  be  of  the  best  character.  A  slatted  floor,  ten  feet  above  the  fire, 
to  prevent  the  meat  from  falling  into  it,  is  indispensable.  If  the  fire  is  in 
a  stove,  or  under  a  brick  or  metal  arch,  it  will  be  all  the  better.  After 
every  precaution  and  every  care  have  been  taken,  the  risk  is  worth  the 
fullest  rate  ;  no  inferior  risks  of  this  class  are  wanted  at  any  price. 

Slaugutering  and  Slaughter  Houses  are  always  nuisances !  not 
only  during  the  season  of  killing,  but  particularly  in  the  summer ;  and 
are  often  burned  by  those  living  adjacent.  Do  not  carry  annual  risks 
on  Slaughter  Houses,  specially  in  thickly  inhabited  neighborhoods.  If 
short  risks  are  taken  in  such  property,  let  them  expire  before  warm 
weather. 

City  establishments  have  great  advantages  over  those  in  the  country, 
in  the  superior  fire  department,  the  extra  care  of  the  general  police  in 
addition  to  private  watchmen,  and  the  better  average  experience  of 
hands  working  in  large  concerns  over  those  in  small.  It  is  a  great  error 
to  suppose  that  country  pork  houses  are  better  risks  than  those  in  the 
city,  where  they  have  these  advantages ;  and  if,  with  all  the  experience, 
care  and  security  to  be  had  at  Cincinnati,  Chicago  and  the  other  great 
Pork  Centres,  the  above  rates  have  been  found  to  be  barely  adequate, 
there  is  certainly  no  margin  for  reduction  in  smaller  places. 

Great  speculations  characterize  the  Pork  business,  and  great  moral 
hazardsr  to  underwriters  are  the  inevitable  result.  Agents  must  consider 
this  fact  and  guard  well  the  interests  of  their  companies,  never  suftering 
them  to  be  used  by  unworthy  men. 

If  the  annual  rate  (from  exposure,  occupancy  or  otherwise)  is  higher 
than  the  Warehouse  rates  above  given,  charge  short  rates,  as  per  table 


59 


on  page  21,  and  then  add  for  prwileges  as  per  following  table;  or,  on  an 
annual  risk  at  Warehouse  rates,  charge  by  this  table  for  privileges  for 
the  time  wanted,  additional. 


Smoking  only. 

Rendering  only. 

Smoking 

and 

Rendering. 

Fire. 

steam. 

1  Month, 

2  " 

3  " 

4  " 

5  " 

6  " 

.60 
1.05 
1.25 
1.45 
1.60 
1.75 

.20 
.30 
.40 
.50 
.60 
.70 

.40 

.60 

.§0 

l.OO 

1.20 

1.40 

.65 
1.10 
1.45 
1.70 
l.§5 
2.00 

Insure  a  specific  amount  on  or  in  each  separate  building,  shed  or 
yard ;  if  this  cannot  he  done,  the  "  a/verage  clause "  must  he  inserted. 
Be  very  particular  to  see  tliat  all  the  policies  on  the  same  property  read 
alike.  Sec  remarks  on  Policy  and  Policy  writing.  Submit  surveys  and 
have  full  correspondence  with  your  Companies  about  Pork  House  risks, 
in  advance  of  the  season,  so  as  to  be  ready  when  business  commences. 


PoTTiKigi  imm  TTekka  ©'©^ta  Wojjks, 

For  steam  power,  add  .50  to  l.OO.        (  (la§»i  B,     .     .    2.00 

See  that  the  drying  rooms  and  ovens    {  Class  C,      •     •     '^..lO 
are  well  made  and  safely  arranged.      ^  Class  D,     •     .     3.00 

Wood  piles  should  not  be  too  near.     Ovens  should  be  to  leeward  of 
the  buildings,  according  to  the  prevailing  winds  of  the  region. 
Submit  survey  and  diagram. 

Powder  Mills  are  unconditionally  rejected  as  uninsurable ;  so  also 
gunpowder  on  storage  in  quantities  of  100  lbs,  or  over,  and  all  property 
immediately  endangered  by  it. 

Permission  is  usually  printed  in  the  Policy  to  keep  25  lbs.  of  powder 
in  close  metal  canisters,  for  day  sales  only. 


Clai^M 

A,     . 

.    1.00 

€la!^M 

B, 

.    l.-JS 

Class 

c,    . 

.    1..10 

Class 

D, 

.    '^.OO 

60 

tpKIIIKIVIJIM®    ©IFPl^lES 
For  iSteam,  add  .50. 
For  Book  Biiiderv,  add  .H^. 
For  Office    entirely   on    ground    floor, 
deduct,  .25, 

Printing;  establishments  are  almost  invariably  in  the  upper  stories, 
where  salvage  is  impossible,  and  are  generally  total  losses.  They  have 
been  an  unprofitable  class  of  risks  to  underwriters,  newspaper  offices 
especially. 

See  that  arrangements  for  drying  paper,  if  any,  are  safe  and  not 
endangered  by  stove  pipes,  lamps,  etc.  Give  caution  in  regard  to  greasy 
rags,  used  on  presses  or  copperplates,  which,  thrown  in  a  corner,  may 
produce  sjxjntaneous  combustion.  Tidiness  and  good  order  should  pre- 
vail to  make  the  risk  desirable.  If  camphene  or  benzine  is  used  for 
cleaning  rollers,  or  any  other  purpose,  see  that  the  arrangements  are  of 
the  best  kind  and  remote  from  all  lights  and  fire.  The  great  printing 
house  of  Harpei-s',  in  New  York,  was  burned  from  this  cause. 

Coi'i'ERPr-ATE  Printers  exclusively,  well  situated  and  otherwise  desir- 
able, may  be  taken  .25  below  this  taritt". 

See  remarks  on  Reinsurance  under  the  head  of  Policies  and  Policy 
Wkitin(;,  further  on. 

Do  not  cultivate  this  sort  of  business,  and  never  issue  a  rent  policy 
without  previous  consent  of  your  company. 

Insurance  of  rents  is  to  indemnify  a  landlord  for  actual  loss  of  rent  reHultiiifj:  dinrtly 
from  a  fire  that  renders  a  building  untenantable.  It  is  tin;  converse  of  Lease  insurance. 
The  assured  must  agree  to  rebuild  or  repair  in  as  short  a  time  as  the  nature  of  the  case 
will  injrniit,  s'.nd  the  loss  is  ascertained  by  the  time  required  to  repair,  being  pro  rata  to 
the  annual  rental  of  the  building  or  the  damaged  portion  of  it. 

Kent  insurance  is  entirely  aside  from  insurance  on  the  building.  It  has  nothing  to  do 
with  (laniarje  to  property,  l)ut  relates  solely  to  Ions  of  rents,  therefore  the  actual  loss  of  rents, 
and  not  a  specified  sum  (which  may  be  less  or  more  than  such  actual  loss)  is  the  true 
measure  of  a  company's  lialiility. 

For  proper  fonu  of  policy  consult  Hine'e  "  Book  of  Forms." 


61 

If  unprofitable  or  in  litisjation,  or  if    I  Clasps  B,  .     •     3.^5 

unpaid  or  disaffected  hands  threaten,    -j  ClaNM  C,  .     .    ^.50 

decline  the  risk.  (  Class  I>,  •     •     3.00 

Submit  manufacturing  application,  diagram  and  full  details  of  the 
risk,  by  letter,  before  accepting. 


(^AJJafifQ^D    IPfi©!FEK?^, 


Class  B. 

Class  C. 

Class 

i.as 

1.50 

9.00 

1.50 

9.00 

9.50 

.    2.00 

S.25 

:t.oo 

3.00 

2.95 

3.00 

.     2.00 

9.50 

3.50 

1.50 

9.00 

9.50 

.     1.95 

1.50 

9.00 

.     3.50 

4.00 

5.00 
9.00 

1.00 

1.95 

1.75 

D. 


Passenger  depots,  detached,    . 

Freight  "  " 

Locomotive  works — see  page  51, 

Machine  shops,  excluding  car  shops, 

Car-wheel  works— see  page  46,    .     .     9.00  9.50  3.50  (^ 

Round  houses,  . 

Bridges — see  Bridges,  page  33. 
Eating  houses,  detached,     .... 
Car  shops — see  page  36,      ... 
Wood  sheds — no  steam  sawing,  .     . 
Water  tanks,  without  steam  power, 

Charge  additional  for  exposures,  and  the  highest  rate  of  either  for  a 
confflo?nerate  of  two  or  more  of  the  above  hazards. 

The  above  tariff  is  only  for  first-class  structures.  Application, 
diagram  and  private  report  should  be  submitted  in  all  cases,  and  great 
care  exercised  in  regard  to  the  risk.  Some  of  the  most  disastrous  fires 
of  the  present  century  have  been  among  or  occasioned  by  railroads. 
If  the  risk  includes  a  great  number  of  buildings,  depots,  bridges,  etc., 
call  each  by  name  and  specify  an  amount  on  or  in  each,  as  the  case 
may  be. 

Policies  have  been  written,  "  On  property  of  every  description  belonging  to  said  com- 
pany, or  for  which  they  may  be  liable,  situated  on  the  line  of  their  road,"  etc.  This  in- 
cludes road,  bridges,  wood,  buildings  and  machinery  of  every  sort,  cars,  engines,  freights, 
and  every  other  item  in  one  sum!  Kate  of  premium  is  from  twelve  to  twenty  per  cent., 
and  losses  of  $500  or  less  are  not  to  be  paid.    There  is  plausibility  in  the  plan,  and  some  com- 


C.2 

panics  have  statistics  that  seem  to  show  a  profit.  But  the  proportion  of  insurance  to  the 
whole  value  is  very  small,  being  usually  $50,000  to  $100,000  insurance  on  five  to  ten 
millions  of  valne— just  enough  to  catch  all  tfie  losses,  and  makinfj  the  rate,  in  reality,  one 
tenth  to  one  fifth  of  one  per  cent. — about  one  quarter  of  the  rate  on  choice  detached 
dwellings !  The  plan  is  deceptive,  and  you  will  decline  all  such  insurances  unconditionally, 
unless  specially  authorized  by  the  company. 


STEAM. 


C  la§s  B,    . 

.    3.50 

Class  C,     . 

.    4.00 

€las§  D,    . 

.    S.OO 

For  water  power,  deduct  1 .00. 


If  Flax  or  Hemp  is  broken  and  picked,  chari^e  Bagging-fa(;tory 
rates.  Stacks  should  not  be  nearer  than  fifty  feet,  and  water  should  be 
kept  in  every  room. 

For  TwESTE  Factories,  neatly  arranged,  free  from  breakino;,  picking, 
baling  and  other  coarse  operations  ;  stacks  remote,  and  the  establisli- 
ment  every  way  first-class,  deduct  1.00  to  l.»50  from  tlie  above  tarifi'. 

Old-fashioned  Rope  Walks,  hand  work  only — Brick,  3.50 ;  Frame,  4.00. 


©atlT   W©KKg, 


These  are  usually  rough  wooden  sheds,  l  ^^xck  2.00 

in  remote  places,  and  the  buildings 
are  generally  of  no  insurable  value. 


Frame,     .     .     .     :i.OO 


Macliinery,  kettles,  pumps,  engines  and  stocks  of  salt  may  sometimes 
be  covered,  however. 

Submit  application,  diagram  and  private  report. 

It  is  an  error  to  suppose  that  the  salt  impregnates  the  buildings  over 
the  kettles,  and  thus  renders  them  impervious  to  fire ;  it  is  the  ivater 
that  evaporates^  not  the  salt:  steam  from  fresh  water  would  be  about  as 
efficacious. 


63 

Isolated, 

Saw  Mills  running  but  a  portion  of  the  time,  from  lack  of  employ- 
ment, or  scant  water,  are  not  insurable ;  as  also  mills  in  places  where 
timber  has  become  scarce,  or  where  the  cost  of  transportation  is  excessive, 
or  where  any  circumstances  render  the  business  unprofitable.  Beware 
of  small  mills  with  large  encumbrances  ;  of  over-stocked  markets ;  of 
poor  lumber;  of  unscrupulous  competition,  and  all  other  elements  of 
moral  hazard. 

Rates  foe  ordinary  Country  Mills,  (see  below  for  Merchant  Mills.) 

Water  Mills,  one  or  two  saws, 3.00 

Same  with  gangs  of  saws, 3.50  to    4.00 

Steam  Saw  Mills, 7.00  to  10.00 

A  rickety  stove,  with  pipe  through  side,  or  roof — fires  in  kettles,  or 
on  a  rock  just  outside,  as  sometimes  seen  in  backwoods  settlements, 
condemn  the  risk. 

SniNGLE,  Lath,  or  Stave  Factory  attached,  adds  half  to  the  rate  ; 
and  a  Sash  and  Blind  Factory  doubles  it. 

Limit  of  insurance,  in  all  cases,  one-half  the  valuation. 

Steam  Mills  are  not  desirable  as  a  class,  and  are  but  rarely  accepted. 
Submit  manufacturing  application,  diagram  and  private  report  before 
issuing  policy. 

On  brick  buildings  deduct  l.OO,  and  on  frames  that  are  inclosed 
throughout,  and  can  be  locked  up  at  night,  deduct  .50. 

National  Board  Rates  on  Steam  Saw  Mills. 


No  external  exposure ;  lumber  to  be  sawed  wet ;  boiler  house  of 
brick  or  stone  (and  shut  off  from  mill  by  iron  door)  ;  roof  of  same  of 
metal,  slate  or  gravel;  chimney,  brick  (with  spark  arrester);  casks  or 
tanks  of  water  on  roof;  buckets  in  mill;  force  pump  and  at  least  100 
feet  of  hose;  ladders  or  other  convenient  means  of  access  to  roof;  roof 


64 

of  boiler  room  not  witliin  four  feet  of  boiler  ;  iron  flue  connecting  furnace 
with  smoke  stack  as  much  as  two  feet  from  roof  or  wood  work. 

Rate  on  such  a  mill, 4.^0. 

ADDrrroNS  for  deficiencies. 

Frame  boiler  house,  .50  to  l.OO,  according  to  circumstances  ;  boiler 
in  mill,  l.OO  to  !8.00  5  iron  smoke  stack,  .50  5  no  casks  or  tanks  on 
roof,  .50  5  no  force  pump  and  hose,  .50  5  shingle  mill,  where  shingles 
are  sawed,  .50  5  where  shaved,  1.00  5  sawing  dry  lumber  principally, 
1.00  to  2.00  ;  no  watchman  during  nights  of  working  season,  .25. 


See  Carpenter  Shops. 

Clas^  C  *{  00 

Class  D,     .    •    3.0O 

Submit  soap  and  candle  application,  diagram  and  private  report 
before  accepting. 

On  the  best  of  these  establishments  limited  amounts  will  be  enter- 
tained at  the  above  rates,  but  the  companies  do  not  seek  the  business. 
A  most  persistent  fatality  has  followed  these  establishments  since  the 
discovery  of  Petroleum,  and  they  have,  as  a  class,  cost  double  the  whole 
amount  of  premiums  received  from  them  ! 

If  Lard  Oil  is  made,  see  that  the  ci-otiis  are  well  cared  for,  and  not 
suffered  to  lie  in  heaps, — See  Oil  Mills. 

Examine  furnaces,  see  that  Kettles  are  well  set,  that  no  wood  work 
ap])roaches  the  fires,  and  that  the  general  arrangement  is  tidy  and  syste- 
matic ;  if  dirty  or  disorderly,  decline.  These  establishments  often 
become  nuisances,  and  are  secretly  fired  to  rid  a  neighborhood  of  the 
stench. 


6$ 


'9 

STEAM. 


s 


Examine  all  Furnaces  and  Roasters;  if  ff^i^^ 
in  the  upper  stories  the  greatest  care  )  ^,|^ 
must  have   been  used  in  their  con-  ) 

tf /1 1  44 

struction  to  render  them  insurable. 


B. 

.   2.75 

€,     . 

.    3.00 

D, 

.    a.50 

Submit  manufacturing  application,  diagram  and  ])rivate  re})ort 
before  accepting. 

When  roasting  is  done  in  a  separate  building,  deduct  .50.  The 
hazard  of  coffee  roasting,  however,  is  not  in  the  process  alone ;  over- 
burned  coffee,  already  charred,  confined  in  a  heated  mass,  develops  lire. 
Many  establishments,  it  is  believed,  have  burned  from  this  cause. 

See  Carpenter  Shops.  I     J"^  -k  ^     I 

I!  *^  A  /  V'j^;/» 


Being  generally  at  remote  points  in  the  mining  regioiVs^among^^  vod^li.*  V  i 
population,    freouentlv    of   doubtful    valne    as    pxiipvimpnt^     sn^n'pr'f    +n        ^-». 


population,  frequently  of  doubtful  value  as  experiments,  subject  to 
violence  from  jealousies  and  other  causes,  will  be  entertained  only  by 
resident  agents,  who  can  give  them  personal  inspection ;  and  they  will 
submit  manufacturing  a})plication,  diagram  and  private  rei)ort,  and 
await  instructions  before  making  any  agreement  for  risks. 

Buildings,  if  rough  sheds,  decline.  Risks  on  machinery  at  five  to 
ten  per  cent,  for  Water  and  Steam  may  be  considered. 

If  a  mine  is  idle  or  unprofitable,  decline  all  risks,  either  on  buildings 
or  machinery,  without  terms. 

See  that  all  the  Heating  and  Drying  I  Class  B,  .  .  2.50 
Apparatus  is  well  constructed  and  \  Class  C,  .  .  2.75 
in  perfect  order.  (  Class  D,      .     .     3.50 

The  Kiln  is  the  great  incendiary,  and  must  receive  particular  attention. 
There  have  been  some  heavy  losses  on  these  risks.     Submit  manu- 
facturing application,  diagram  and  private  report  before  accepting. 


■y 


66 

See  Barrel  Factories. 


ST©aE§. 

See  Mercantile  Risks,  Page  13. 

Values  are  very  lieavy,  and  tlie  hazard  (  t^'a*!*  "5  •  •  — .'jO 
from  steam  and  fire  heat  consider-  )  l^Iass  ly,  .  .  %*.7o 
^l^le.  (  Class  D,     .     .    ».50 

See  that  the  entire  establishment  is  of  the  best  construction,  and 
that  every  safet^uard  against  accident  is  provided,  such  as  force  pumj), 
hose,  buckets,  water  casks,  watchmen,  etc. 

Submit  manufacturing  a])plication,  diagram  and  private  report 
before  accepting. 

See  Soap  and  Candle  Factories. 

Bark  Mill  outside.  BincK       Frame. 

With  Heaters  and  Steam  Power  (Brick  Stack.)     3.50         4.00 

Without"       "      '•        " '1.50       :i.oo 

If  Bark  Mill  is  in  the  Tannery  building,  add  .50.  If  over  the 
furnace  room,  decline. 

For  metal  roof,  deduct  .'35.     V'or  iron  chimney,  add  .25  to  .50. 

No  liglits,  fires,  or  smoking  permitted  about  the  Bark  Mill.  On 
stock  while  in  the  vats,  deduct  .50  ;  but  be  very  sure  to  confine  that  por- 
tion of  the  insurance  hj/  specifi'cdtioii^  strictly  to  the  vats,  an<l  not  permit 
it  to  cover  stock  after  it  has  left  them. 

Bark  stacked,  or  in  sheds,  should  be  at  least  fifty  feet  from  the 
])uildings  ;  it  will  take  fire  from  sparks  when  very  dry,  and  if  specially 
exposed  to  locomotives  or  other  fires,  should  be  rejected.     In  ordinary 


eiasii  B,    . 

.     1.35 

Class  C,     . 

.     1.50 

Class  D, 

.     1.75 

67 

cases,  cover  it  at  the  same  rate  as  the  Tannery  itself.  Insurance  on 
Bark  alone,  in  piles  or  wooden  sheds  detaclied,  is  !t.OO  and  short  rates 
of  the  same. 

Curriers  and  Leather  dressers — no  tanning  or  bark  mill — brick  1.35 
to  1.50,  frame  S.OO. 

Exceptionally  a  Company  that  makes  a  specialty  of  \<.ec])ing pos/.ed 
on  tannery  men  and  the  leather'  husmess,  makes  a  proiit  on  these  risks, 
but  the  majority  of  Companies  have  found  it  impossible  to  make  them 
pay.  Agents  will  never  take  them  without  special  instruction  from  the 
(Jompany,  a/'ter  survey  has  heen.  suhmitted. 

Boiler    Shops    and     Iron     Chimney 

Makers  not  included. 
For  Forges  for  Copper  or  other  work, 

add  .25. 

Carelessness  in  the  use  and  management  of  soldering  pots  should 
condemn  the  risk.  There  should  be  a  secure  place  to  set  them  when 
not  in  use. 

(  Brick,       .     .     .     1.50 
Detached  and  without  fire  heat.  •<  Fkamk  2.00 

^  And  Short  Rates  of  same. 

These  are  frequently  open  sheds — mere  shells,  of  the  rudest  con- 
struction. Unless  the  building  is  one  that  can  be  closed  and  locked  at 
night,  decline  the  risk.  Insurances  are  usually  wanted  on  the  Tobacco 
for  short  periods ;  in  insnral)le  l)uildings,  cover  the  crop  at  short  rates  of 
the  above  tarifl'. 

Be  careful  about  over-valuations,  and  limit  the  insurance  to  two- 
tliirds  the  value — half  is  yeneraUy  enough  to  cover.  Avoid  poor 
Tobacco ;  a  damaged  crop  is  sure  to  burn. 

If  a  stove  is  used  in  the  ham,  decline,  unless  it  has  a  brick  or  stone 
chimney  built  from  the  ground,  aud  is  otherwise  well  arranged  ;  then 
add  .50. 


68 
For  Metal  or  Slate  Roof,  deduct  ,25. 


For  Short  Risks,  charge,  in 


1  month, 

2  " 

3  " 

4  " 

5  " 

6  " 


j  Brick, 
(  Frame, 

Brick. 
.oO 
.90 
1.20 
1.50 
1.80 
2.10 


4.00 
5.00 

Frame. 
.65 
1.20 
1.60 
2.00 
2.40 
2.80 


The  values  in  Stemmeries  are  usually  large ;  the  buildings  are 
generally  of  wood  (brick  not  being  favorable  for  drying  the  leaf),  and 
when  they  burn  the  loss  is  very  heavy.  Careless  hands  augment  the 
danger. 

Smoking  should  be  prohibited,  and  all  fires  and  lights,  if  any,  must 
be  of  the  best  arrangement — none  but  good  globe  lanterns  being 
permitted.  Water  casks  and  buckets  should  be  provided  at  different 
points  throughout  the  building.  Correspond  freely  with  the  Companies 
in  regard  to  these  risks  before  binding  any  contracts. 


ir©©^©'|}(©    (F^<Bir©K3(ES. 


The  Government  Tax  on  Tobacco  in- 
cites fraud,  making  the  business  of 
doubtful    character.      Honest    men  - 
cannot  live  at  it ;  underwriters  bet- 
ter avoid  it. 


Class  A, 
Class  B, 
Class  C, 


Class  D, 


1.50 
1.75 
2.00 

decliiK'. 


Sweat  House  should  be  outside,  and  at  least  twenty  feet  from  the 
factory;  if  it  is  inside  the  building,  add  .50  to  l.OO  ;  and  unless  it  is 
of  good  construction,  decline  the  risk. 

See  that  the  Licorice  Kettle  is  securely  set  and  well  located.  It  is 
frequently  in  the  upper  story,  and  a  very  nasty  affair. 

Insure  a  specific  aniount  each  on  the  presses,  and  never  cover  them 


Claims 

B, 

.    i^.OO 

CIrhs 

c,   . 

.    2.!85 

€la§s 

D, 

.    2.75 

69 

ill  one  sum  as  machinery ;  and  a  separate  amount  on  stock,  getting 
separate  specifications,  where  possible,  on  the  leaf  and  the  manufactured 
tobacco.     Survey  and  application  to  be  submitted  before  accepting. 

T^^il    AM©    S'TrgJig©T7l>S    IFtD(OW©SK]li, 

Examine  closely  all  the  furnaces  ;  there 
is  a  multitude  of  them  ;  in  the  casting 
room — the    stereotyping    room — the  - 
electrotyping  room — and  fire  pots  for 
soldering  in  the  finishing  room.  L 

Look  to  the  "  backing "  and  wooden-rule  department ;  see  that 
shavings  are  properly  disposed  of.  If  additional  wood  work  is  done, 
for  stands,  cases,  galleys,  quoins,  etc.,  charge  .50  to  1.00  additional. 
For  steam  power,  add  .50  to  1.50.  Eefer  manufacturing  application, 
diagram  and  private  report. 

(lDyi)®(B(Sl!3!P!lg©    IB'i3]iL©]5>J©S, 

Unoccupied  buildings,  property  on  leased  ground  with  lease  nearly 
expired,  houses  out  of  repair  or  shortly  to  be  torn  down  or  removed,  and 
unproductive  property  (jeneraUy,  should  be  steadily  avoided.  Where 
the  character  of  parties  is  unexceptionable,  and  all  attendant  circum- 
stances warrant  an  occasional  departure  from  this  rule,  cover  half  the 
actual  cash  value.  Charge  warehouse  rates  (see  page  19),  and  additional 
for  exposm*es. 

(U)?!}3©l.i7SK!ERi,   lBs©©]5US    AN©    fflAITTRSSS    fflA3i(EfJ3, 

No  wood-work.  No  open  liglits  allowed,  j  Class  B,  .  .  2.25 
See  that  shucks,  cotton  and  other  j  Class  C,  .  .  2.50 
litter  are  not  permitted  near  stoves.     '  Class  D,     •     •     3.00 

Smoking  positively  prohibited.  If  the  establishment  is  untidy  decline 
the  risk. 

In  large  establishments,  where  bleaching  and  drying  of  material  is 
done,  extra  precautions  must  be  observed,  and  extra  rates  secured. 


70 

See  pages  18  and  19. 


For  Furnace  outside,  in  a  separate  fire-  I 
proof  stone  or  brick  linilding,  deduct  j 
.50  troni  steam  rates,     AV^itli  "  pa- 
tent steam  dryer,"  decline. 


Water.  Steam. 

Class  B,  '^.O©  3.75 

Class  C,  ^.•25  :t.oo 

Class  D,  :t.00  4.00 


Force  pump  and  hose  should  be  provided  to  command  every  portion 
of  the  buildini;: ;  and  water  casks  and  buckets  must  be  placed  on  each 
floor.  A  careful  watchman  should  be  employed,  and  good  watch  clock 
provided.  Waste  must  be  i-emoved  daily.  Machinery  not  in  use  will 
only  be  insured  upon  a  schedule  furnished  by  the  owner,  and  but  half 
the  cash  value  of  each  item  covered.  See  that  cleanliness  and  order 
prevail.  If  untidy  or  disorderly,  decline  the  risk.  Beware  of  "  patent 
oils"  and  petroleum  mixtures.  Decline  small  mills  where  inadequate 
capital  impedes  successful  management. 

Submit  woolen  mill  application,  diagram  and  private  report  before 
accepting. 


APPROXIMATE  ANNUAL  RATES. 


Add  for  Exposures  accordinfr  to  tlioir  miniber,  extent  and  hazard.     Also  for  addi- 
tional orcupanciee.     For  Class  A  deduct  .10  from  B  rate. 

These  rates  icill  apply  in  good  brick  blocks  tdthfire  walls,  hut  not  in  frame  ranffe^. 

Those  marked  "refer"  and  "see  page"  must  be  submitted  to  the  companies  Iwlore 
accepting. 


A. 

Academiop,  pee  pa;;c  28 

Acids  in  Store 

AyriciiJtural  Implement  Stocks.. 
"                   "         Manufac- 
tories, Hce  pa;,'c  2'.),  refer 

Alcohol  in  Store 

"       Stills,  see  page  40,  refer. 

Ale,  Beer  in  Store 

Ale  Houses 

Ambrotypc!  Galleries,  sec  page  56 

"  Material  stock 

Anchors,    Anvils,     heavy     iron 

stocks 

Apothecaries,  see  pa<rc  39 

Artificial    Flowers,    Fancy    and 

Millinery  Goods,  wholesale 

Asheries,  decline 

Asylunis--I)eaf,  Dumb,  Blind  1  t- 

Insane V<2 

"  Co.  Almshouses:    )  i- 

Auction  Stores,  day  sales  only. . . 

"  day  &  night  sales 

Axe  Factories,  refer 

Awning  and  Sail  Makers  ...    . 


B. 

Bagging  Factories,  see  page  29, 
refer 

Bagging  Stocks,  see  page  29  . . 

Bakeries,  see  page  W. . ! 

Banks,  add  for  extra  tenants 

Band  Box  and  Paper  Box  Makers 

Bams,  see  page  9 

Barber  Shops,  Bath  Houses . . 

Bark  Mills,  see  Tanneries,  page 
fi6,  refer  

Bark,  stacked,  8eeTannerie8,p.66 

Barrel  Factories,  see  p.  30,  refer. 

Basket  Stocks  

"      Makers 


Cla93 

Class 

ClMS 

B. 

c. 

D. 

.7.5 

1.00 

1.25 

l.(M) 

1.25 

1  ..'■)() 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

3.50 

4.00 

5.00 

.75 

1.00 

1.50 

3.50 

4.00 

5.00 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

1.25 

1..50 

2.0(1 

.90 

1.10 

l.IO 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.50 

l.(H) 

1.25 

1.75 

l.(H) 

1.25 

1..50 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

1..50 

1.75 

2.00 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

.SO 

.75 

1.00 

1.50 

1.75 

2.25 

.a5 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 
3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

tting 

baled 
Batting  and  Wadding  Mills,  see 

Cotton  Mills,  page  .H),  refer. . . . 
Bedding  Manufactories,  see  p.  69 
Bedstead  "  (refer)  "  34 
Beer  and  Porter  Houses 

"    in  Store 

Bell  &  Braes  Foundries,  see  p.  31 

"    Hanger,  Locksmith 

Belh)W8  Maker 

Bolting  and  Hose  Manufacturing, 

hand  work  

Belting  and  Hose  Stocks 
Billiard  Tabic  Manufactories,  see 

page  .55,  refer 

Billiard  Saloons  and  contents 

Blacksmith  Shops,  see  page  30.. 
Blacking  and  Ink  Manufactories 
Bleachers  of  Baskets  or  Hats  . , . 
Bleaching,  Dyeing  and  Printing 

Manufactories 

Blind,  Sash  and  Door  Manufac- 
tories, see  page  56 

Block  and  Pump  Makers,  hand 

work 

Boarding  Houses,  private 

Boats,  on  stocks,  see  page  31 

"       laid  up  "        31 

Boat  Stores 

"    Builders' Shojis 

Bonnet  Stocks,  wholesale 

"  retail 

Book  Binders,  see  page  32 

Book  and  Stationers'  Stocks  . . . 
Boiler  Maker's  Shed  &  contents. 
Boot  and  Shoe  Stocks,  wholesale 
"  "  retail .. . 

Bottling  Cellars 

Bowling  Alleys,  private 

"             public,  for  hire 
Box  Makers,  see  page  56 , 


Class 

B. 

1.00 


2.25 
6.00 
1.25 
.75 
2.00 
1.00 
1.50 

1.00 
.90 

2.75 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.50 

2.75 

7.00 

1.75 
.75 


1.00 
2.00 
1.00 
1.25 
1.25 
1.00 
2.00 
.75 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.25 
7.00 


Class 

c. 

1.25 


2.50 
7.00 
1.50 
1.00 
2.50 
1.25 
1.75 

1.25 
1.10 

3.00 
1..50 
1.50 
1.50 
1.75 

3.00 

8.00 

2.00 
1.00 


1.25 
2.25 
1.25 
1.50 
1.50 
1.25 
2.50 
1.00 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.50 


Class 

D. 


3.00 
10.00 

2m 

1.25 
3.00 
1.50 
2.00 

1.75 
1.10 

3.50 
2.00 
2.25 
2.25 
2.25 

3.50 

10.00 

2.50 
1.50 


1.75 
.3.00 
1..50 
1.75 
2.00 
1.50 
3.00 
1.25 
1.50 
1.75 
1..5fl 
2.00 


8.00  ilO.OO 


Add  for  Exposures.— These  rates  do  not  apply  in  Ranges. 


72 


Clau  ;  ClaM     Cliui 

B.l  €.    ». 


Bra??  FonndrieB,  Bee  paRe  31. 

Brand  and  Stamp  Cuitinj; 

Breweries,  cee  pape  32 

BridKcg,  see  pajrc  33 

Britannia  Ware  Manufactory,  sue 
patjc  31 

Britannia  Ware  Stocke 

Broom  Factories 

"      Stocks 

BruBh  Factories,  hand < 

"      Stocks ; 

Bnckft  Factories,  sec  pajje  Sli. . . 

Builders"  and  Carpenters'  Risks, 
see  page  3.3 

Buildinps  unoccupied,  sec  p.  69. . I 

Bureau  Factories,  see  pajre  31 ..  J 

I'.urial  Case  Manufactory. metallic 

Bumin;,'  Fluid  Manufactory,  de- 
cline  

Buniins  Fluid  on  sale,  see  p.  54. 

Button  Factories,  refer 


2.00 
1.00 
2.00 


2.00 
.90 
2.25 
1.00 
1.75 
.75 
7.00 


c. 

Cabinet  Ware  Stocks,  no  manu 

factnrint; [ 

If  manufg,  charge  shop  rates 

Cabinet  Shops,  see  page  31 ' 

"       Ware  Factories,  see  p.  34 

Calico  Printers 

Camphene  &  Spirit-Gas  Makers,; 

decline 

Camphene  and  Spirit-Gas  Stocks, 

see  page  .54 

Candle  &  Soap  Factories,  see  p.  &4 

"  Stocks 

Candy  Manufactories,  see  p.  34. 

"  "  Stocks  

Cane,  Whip  and  Umbrella  Manu- 

factorj" 

Cane,  \V  hip  and  ITmbrella  Stocks 

Cap  and  Hat  Manufactory 

"    Stocks 

Carpenters'  Shops,  see  page  34. . 
Risks,         "         33.., 
Car  Factories,  "         36. . 

Car-Wheel  Works,        "         46. 
Carpet  Factories,  "         70.. 

••      Stores,  Oil  Cloths.  &c.... 

Carriage  Shops,  see  page  35 

Carriages  in  Store,  see  page  35. . 

Castings  in  Store 

Cement  and  Lime  in  Store I 

Chair  Manufactory,  sec  page  34. . 

Cliandelier  and  Lamp  Stores 

Chandlers'  or  Boat  Stores 

Cheese  Houses,  Dairies 

"       in  Store 

Chemicals,  Laboratories,  refer  . . 
China,  Glass  and  (Queen's  Ware. . 

Chocolate  Makers 

•'         in  Store 

( "hurchcs,  see  page  35 

Cigar  Makers,  and  retail  sales. . .  1 

Stocks,  wholesale 

Clock  Makers,  refer 

•'     Stocks 

Cloth  and  Clothing  Stores 

Coach   and   Carriage    Factories, 
Bee  page  36 


0.00 
2.00 


1.25 
1.75 


1.00 

2.50 
6.00 
2.00 


1.25 
2.50 
.75 
1.50 
1.00 

1.25 
1.00 
1.50 
1.00 
2.50 

3.50 
2.00 
2.75 

.75 
2.25 

.75 

.75 
1.00 
6.00 
1.00 
1.00 

.75 

.75 
2.75 
1.00 
1.25 
1.00 

..50 
1.00 

.90 
1.75 
1.00 

.75 

3.50 


2.50 
1.25 
2..50 


2..')0 
1.10 
2.50 
1.25 
2.00 
1.00 


3.00 
1..50 
3.00 


3.00 
1.40 
3.00 
1..5() 
2..50 
1.25 


8.00  10.00 


7.00   10.00 
2..50     3.50 


1.50 
2.00 


2.00 
2.50 


1.35  1.50 

3.00  4.00 

7.00  10.00 

2.50  3.00 


ClaiF 

B. 


l.-W 
3(H) 
1.00 
1.75 
1.25 

1.50 
1.25 
1.75 
1.25 
3.00 

4.00 
2.50 
3.00 
1.00 
2.50 
1.00 
1.00 
1.25 
7.00 
1.25 
1.25 

.85 
1.00 
3.0i) 
1.25 
1..50 
1.25 

.75 
1.25 
1.10 
2.00 
1.25 
1.00 

4.00 


2.00 
3.50 
1.25 
2.25 
1.75 

2.00 
1..50 
2  25 
1.50 
4.00 

5.00 
3.50 
4.00 
1.25 
3.50 
1.25 
1.25 
1..50 
10.00 
1.50 
1.75 
1.00 
1.25 
4.(X) 
1.75 
2.00 
1..50 
1.00 
1.75 
1.40 
2..50 
1.50 
1.25 

5.00 


Coach  and  Carriage  Shops,  see 

paffc  :« 

Coach  Lace,  Military  Stores 

Coal  Yards,  Sheds  or  contents  . . 
"    Shafts,  Hoisting  Machinery 

'•    Breakers 

"    Oil,  sec  pa^^e  53.  

Coffee,  Drug  and  Spice  Mills,  sec 

page  (>5 

Coffee  in  Store 

"      Houses  and  Saloons 

Colleges  &  Seminaries,  boarding 
"  (see  page)  28  "      day-school 

only  

Colormen's  Stocks  (no  oils,  var- 
nish, benzine,  or  turpentine). . 

Commission  Merchants 

Composition  Rooting  Works,  de- 
cline   ". 

Composition  Roofing  in  Store.. . 
Confectionery  Makers,  see  p.  34. 

Stocks   

"  "  with  Are  works 

Comb  Makers,  hand  work 

"      Stocks 

Cooper  Shops,  see  page  36 

Copperplate  Printers,  see  page  60 

Coppersmiths,  see  page  67 

Cotton  Brokers,  with  samples. . . 
•'  Mills,  water,  see  page  36. 
"  "     steam,       "       36.  | 

"       Presses,  "        37.  j 

"      Sheds  &  Warehouses,  see 

paKe38 , 

Cotton  Gins,  see  page  37 ] 

Battiugand  Wadding,  in 

Store,  bales 

Cordage  and  Rope  Stocks 

Costuiners'  Stocks 

Country  Stores,  see  page  18 

Court  Houses,  see  page  38 

Crockery  Stores,  retail 

"        wholesale,  in  j)kgs. 
Curled  Hair  and  Hair-Cloth  Man- 
ufactory   

Curied  Hair  &  Hair-Cloth  Stocks 

Curriers  and  Leather  Uressers,  no 

tanning  or  bark  mill,  sec  p.  67. 

Cutlery  Manufacture 

"        Stocks  

D. 

Daguerrotype  Galleries,  see  p.  56| 
"      "       Stocks  in  Store,  .j 

Dental  Stocks  in  Store i 

"       Itoonis,  Manufactory  ... 
Depots.  Railroads,  see  page  61  . .! 
Dessicated  Meat,  Fruit  Canning 
Dioramas,  Panoramas  and  otherj 

traveling  e.xiiibitions,  decline 

DistillericH,  see  imge  40 

Dress  Making  and  Millinery 

Drinking  Saloons,  see  paire  50.. 
Dry  Goods    and    Groceries,  see 

page  15 


2.25 
1.00 


CISM 

c. 


2.50 
1.25 


3.00  I 
3.00  1 


2.75 

.75 

1.25 

1.00 

.75 

1.00 
1.00 


1.25 
1.50 
1.00 

i.a5 

1.25 
1.00 
2.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.25 
2.25 
2.75 


Dry  Docks,  refer  application  . 
Drying  Kilns,  decline 


Druf; 
39. 


stores,  wholesale,  see  page 


7.00 
1.25 
1.25 


3.00 
1.00 
I. .50 
1.25 

1.00 

1.25 
1.25 


1.50 
1.75 
1.25 
1..50 
1.50 
1.25 
2.50 
1.25 
1.25 
1.50 
2.50 
3.00 


1.00 

1.35 

1..50 

l.(X) 

1.25 

1.50 

1.25 

1..50 

1.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1..50 

.75 

l.(K) 

1.50 

l.(K) 

1.25 

1.50 

.90 

1.00 

1.40 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.00 

1.25 

1.75 

1.75 

2.00 

2..5() 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

.!«) 

1.10 

1.40 

.!K) 

1.10 

1.40 

1.00 

1.25 

1.75 

8.00 
1.50 
1.50 


Clati 


8.50 
1.50 
1.50 


3.50 
1.25 
2.00 
1.50 

1.25 

1.50 
1.50 


1.75 
2.25 
1..50 
1.75 
2.00 
1.50 
3.00 
1.75 
1.75 
2.00 
3.00 
4.00 


.90  :  1.00 


1.75 


10.00 
1.75 
2.00 

1.26 


Add  for  Exposures.— Those  rates  do  not  apply  in  Ranges. 


Y3 


Drug  Storep,  retail,  see  pa<;e  39 . 

Drug  Mills,  see  page  65 

D\vellingf>,  see  page  8 

Dye  Houses 


Eating  Houses  and  Kcstaii rants 

Earthenware,  wholesale,  in  i)kg; 
"  unpacked 

Edge  Tool  Makers,  hand  work  or 
water  power 

Edge  Tool  Makers,  steam  power 

Electro  Plating 

Elevators,  see  page  40 

Embroidery,  Lace  Stocks  .... 

Enameling  Works,  decline.. . 

Engine  Builders,  see  [)age  4G. . .  .| 
'•  Houses,  Fire  Co. 's, with  halls 

Engine  Houses,  Fire  Co.'e,  with- 
out halls 

Engravers'  Stock  and  Tools 

Envelope  Manufactory 

Express  Offices 


Cln««     CIms     Class 

B.    €.    D. 


F. 

Fair  Ground  Buildings,  see  p.  42 

Fancy  Stores  &  Stocks,  Notions,' 

Soap  &  Perfumery,  not  Drugs, 

or  Apothecary 

Feathers  in  Store 

Feed  Stores,  no  Hay  and  Straw. 
"  with        " 

Fences  and  Outhouses 

File  Manufactory 

Fire-proof  Safe  Mannfac'y,  hand 

"     Stocks I 

Fire  Works  Manufactory,  decline! 
"  Stocks,  sales  only . . .  j 

Flax  and  Hemp  Mills,  see  p.  43 

"  Bales,  storage. .[ 

"  unpacked,  decline 

Flooring  Mills,  see  page  56 ' 

Floor  Cloth  Factories,' refer 1 

Florists'  Stocks,  decline i 

Flour  Mills,  water,  see  page  44. . 
"  "     steam,        "        44..] 

"      Stores  

"     on  Storage 

Foundries,  see  page  46 1 

Frame  &  Sash  Makers,  see  p.  56 
Frame,  Picture  and  Glass  Stocks 
Fringe  and  Trimming  Stocks. .  ,1 

Fruiterers 

Fruit  Canning  Establishments. . 
Fulling  Mills  (steam  1, 00  extra) 

Furniture,  see  page  46 

"  Factories,  see  p.  34. . 

"  Stocks,  no  work 

Furnishing  Stores,  House 

"  ••       Gents' 

Fur  and   Hat  Stocks 

Furs  and  Peltries  on  Storage 

Furnaces,  see  page  61 


o. 


2.75 

.75 

1.50 


1.25 

.35 

1.00 

1.75 
2.00 
1.25 


2.00 
1.00 

.75 
1.00 
1.25 
1.00 


1.00 


1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.25 

1.75 

1.25 

.75 

1.25 
3..W 
1.50 

7.00 
3.25 

2.25 
3.25 
.75 
.75 
2.00 
7.00 
1.25 
1.25 
1.00 
1.25 
2.00 

6.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
2.25 


1.00 


Gas  Fittings  

"        and  Lamp  Stocks,  no 
woik I    .90 


3.00 

.40 

1.75 


1.50 
l.(X) 
1.25 

2.00 
2.50 
1.50 


2.F0 
1.25 

1.00 
1.25 
1.50 
1.25 


1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.50 

2.00 
1.50 
1.00 

1.50 
4.00 
1.75 

8.00 
3.50 

2.50 
4.00 
1.00 
1.00 
2.50 
S.OO 
1..50 
1.50 
1.25 
1.50 
2.50 

7.00 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
2.50 


1.25 
1.10 


3.50 

.50 

2.25 


2.00 
1.25 
1.50 

2.50 
3.00 
2.00 

1.75 

3.50 
1.75 

1..50 
1.50 
2.00 
1.50 


1.50 


1.50 
1.50 
1.50 
2.00 
1.25 
2.50 
2.00 
1.2.5 

2.00 
5.(X) 
2.00 

10.00 
4.00 

3.00 
5.00 
1.25 
1.25 
3.50 
10.00 
2,00 
1.75 
1.50 
1.75 
3.00 

10.00 
1.50 
1.50 
1.50 
1.50 
1.50 
8.00 


1.50 
1.40 


Gas  Fittings  and  Lamp  Manuf'y 

Gas  Works,  decline 

Gentlemen's  Furnishing  Stores. . 

Gilders,  no  Frame  Making 

Glassware  and  Crockery,  whole- 
sale    . . 

Glassware  and  Crockery,  retail.. 

Glassworks,  see  page  46 

Glove  Makers 

Glue  Manufactories 

Gold  Beaters 

Grain  Dealers,  no  Hay  or  Feed. . 

"      on  Storage 

"      in  Stacks  25  i)er  month.. . . 

Grate  and  Railin<; Makers,  hand. 

Grist  Mills,  see  Flour  Mills 

Grocery  Stocks 

Glim  Slirllac,  (!opal 

Gunpowder  and  Powder  Mills, 
see  page  ,5".t,  decline 

Gun  and  Hardware  Stocks 

Gunsmiths 

Gutta  Percha  Factories,  decline 
"  Unmanufactured.. 
'•  Ware  Stocks 

Gymnasiums    


Cla.» 
B. 

1.50 

1.00 
1.35 

.75 
1.00 
2.25 
1.00 
1.75 
1.00 
.75 
.75 

1.75 


Clasn 
C. 

2.00 

1.25 
1.50 

1.00 
1.25 
2.50 
1.25 
2.50 
1.25 
1.00 
1.00 

2.00 


1.00 
1.00     1.25 


1.00     1.25 
1.25     1.50 


H. 


Hair  Cloth  Manufactory 

Hair,  Human— Manufactory 

Halls,  no  Theatre,  or  Scenery. . . 

Hardware  Manufactory 

Stocks 

Harness  and  Sadlery 

Hat  Factories 

Hat  Stocks,  Caps.  Furs,  no  fire. . 
Hat  Finishers,  fire  for  Irons  only 

Hay  in  bales.  Stored 

Hay  Barns  and  Presses,  see  p.  47 

Hay— Farm  risk,  see  j)age  il 

Hemp  in  bales.  Stored 

"      loose,  unpacked,  decline 

"       Houses 

"       Yards,  stacks  and  sheds, 

see  page  47        

Hemp  Mills,  see  page  43  ... 
Hides  and  Leather,  in  store.. 
Hop  Houses  and  contents,  sec 

page  47 

Hops,  baled,  in  store        

Hose  and  Belting  Factories,  hand 

work,  leather 

Hosiery  Stocks 

Hospitals 

Hotels  and  Taverns,  see  page  4S. 
Household  Furniture,  Dwelling 

rate 

House  Furnishing  Stores 

H(rases   Building  or   Kepairing, 

see  page  33 

Houses  unoccupied,  see  page  69. 

Hub  and  Spoke  Factory,  hand. . . 

For  Steam  add  1.00  to  3.00. . . 

I. 


1.00 
1.00 
1.25 


1.25 
1.00 
1.25 
1.75 
1.00 
1.WI 
1.25 
1.(10 
1.00 
1.26 


1.50 

1.75 


3.50 
.75 


Ice  Houses  and  contents 

India  Rubber  Factories,  decline. 
India  Rubber  Stocks 


Clasfi 

D. 


1.50 
2.00 

1.25 
1.50 
3.00 
1.50 
3.00 
1.50 
1.25 
1.25 

2.50 

1.25 
1.50 


1..50 
2.00 


1.25  1.50 
1.25  1.50 
1.50     2.00 


1.50 
1.25 
1.50 
2.00 
1.25 
1.25 
1.50 
1.25 
1.25 
1.50 


2.00 


4.00 
1.00 


1.00 

1.25 

1.00 
1.00 
1.25 

1.25 
1.25 
1..50 

1.00 

1.25 

2.00 

2.50 

1.50 

1.75 

1.00 

1.25 

2.00 
1..50 
2.00 
2.50 
1.50 
1.50 
2.00 
1.50 
1.75 
2.00 
1.50 

2.50 

3.00 

2.00 
5.00 
1.25 


1.50 

1.50 
1.50 
2.00 


1.50 


3.50 


2.25 
1.50 


Add  for  Exposures.— These  rates  do  not  apply  in  Ranges. 


74 


India  Rnbhcr,  unnianufacfiired 

Ink  and  Blacking'  Factories 

Iron  Stockn,  lieavv  poodn 

Plate,   Sheet,  Wire, 

Hoop 

Iron  FoundricK,  pec  paire  46  .. .  .J  2.00 


CIsu 

B. 

1.00 

1.25 

.75 

1.00 


liailinij  and  Grate  Manafac'y 

"    Safe  ^faniifactorv 

"      ■'     Stock!*  ....■ 

Ivory -black  Mannfactorv 


J. 


JailB,  Pee  pajite  39 

JapannericH,  decline 

Jewelers'  Slockn 

"          '•    in  Fire-proof  Safes 
"         Maunfactoricp 

Joiner  ShopK,  pee  page  34 

Jiiiik  and  Rag  Stores,  decline. . . 

L.. 

LaboratorieB— Chemical,  refer. . . 

Lace  and  Embroidery  Stocke 

Lamp  and  Oas  Fitters'  Stocks. . 
Sales  of 

f'ainphene  and  Coal    Oil,   see 

page  .54 

Lamp-black  Manufactory 

Lard  in  bbls.  in  Store 

"    Oil  in  bbls.  in  store 

"      "  Factories,  see  page  52. . . 

Last  Makers,  hand  work 

Lath   Factories,   sec  Saw  Mille, 

pace  03 

Laundries      

Lead  Sheet  and  Pipe  Manufactu- 
rers, refer 

Lead— White    and     Ucd— Manu- 

tiirers,  refer 

Lead  in  Store 

"       Smelting  EstablishmentH, 

refer 

Leather  Stores 

Libraries,      Private,       Dwelling 

Rates 

Libraries,  public,  on  lower  floor 
"  "     in  2d  or  8d  et'ye 

Lightning  Rod  Makers 

"  "     Stocks 

Lime  and  Cement,  Stored 

Linseed  Oil,  Stored 

"         "    Mills,  see  page  52 
Liquor    Stores,    wholesale,     i 

piVJf  .".() 

Li(|iior  Drinking  Saloons   .... 
Litnographcrs,  npjier  stories 

'•  on  ground  floor, 

.25  off 

Livery  Stables,  see  page  50 

Lock  Factories,  reler 

Locksmiths,  Gunsmiths 

Locomotive  Works,  sec  page  51 
Locomotives    in  Round    House, 

see  page  til  

Looking-Glassand  Frame  Stocks 
"  "      Frame     Manufac- 

torj',  see  page  5(( 

Lumber  Yards,  see  page  51 


1.75 

1.75 

.75 

2.25 


1.60 

1.00 

.75 

1.00 

2.50 


2.75 

1.25 

.90 


1.25 
2.25 
.75 
.75 
1.75 
1.75 


1.25 
2.75 


2.00 
.75 


1.00 
1.25 
1.75 

.75 
1.00 

.75 
2.00 

1.00 
1.25 
1.25 


2.m 

1.75 
1.25 
2.00 


1..50 
1.25 


7.00 


Class 

c. 

1.25 
1..50 
1.00 

1.25 
2..W 
2.00 
2.00 
1.00 
2.f0 


2.00 

1.25 
1.00 
1.25 
3.00 


3.00 
1.50 
1.10 


1.50 
2.50 
1.00 
1.00 
2.00 
2.00 


1.50 
3.00 


2.50 
1.00 


CIlIM 

D. 

1.50 
2.00 
1.25 

L.-iO 
3..50 
2.50 
2..50 
1.25 
3.50 


1.50 
1.^5 
L.M) 
4.00 


4.00 
1.75 
1.40 


2.00 
3.60 
1.25 
1.25 
2.25 
2.50 


2.00 
3..50 


3.00 
1.25 


1.00     1.25 


1.25 
1.50 
2.00 
1.00 
1.25 
1.00 
2.25 

1.25 
1.50 
1.50 


1.50 
1.75 
2..50 
1.25 
1.50 
1.25 
2.50 

1.75 
2.(H) 
2.00 


2.75  3..'i0 

2.110  I  2..50 

1.50  :  2.00 

2.25  ;  3.00 


3.00 
1.50 


2.50 
1.76 


8.00  '10.00 
1  2.00 


Machine  Shops,  see  page  51   . . . 

Mahogany  Yards,  1.75  to  2.00 

Malt  Houses,  see  Breweries, 
imge  .32 

Manilla  and  Sisal  Grass,  baled. . 

Map  Makers, 

Marble  Shops,  Yards  and  Stock. 

Masonic  llalls  and  contents, 
upper  stories 

Mast  Yards,  1.75  to  2.25 

Match   Manufactory  decline  

"        Stocks  on   sale 

Mathematical  Instrument  M'krs' 

Mattress  Manufactory,  see  p.  69. 

Meat  Stores 

Medicines,  Patent,  Manufactory. 
"  "        in  Store. . ."  . 

Metal  in  Pig?;,  Plates,  Rods,  Bars 

Military  and  Coach  Laco  Slocks. 

Millinery  Slock 

Mills  of  "all  kinds,  refer 

Morocco  Factories 

"         Dressers 

"        Stocks,  Leather 

Moulding  Factories,  see  page  56. 

Museums  and  Exhibitions,  de- 
cline  

Music  Stocks 

"  Instrument  Makers,  not 
Piano  Factory,  baud  work. . 


nr. 

Nail  WorkSj  see  page  (il  

"    Stock  in  Store 

Naval  Stores 

News  and  Periodical  Depots, 
Notion  and  Variety  Stocks . . 

o. 


Oakum  in  bales,  storage 

Odd  Fellows  Halls  and  contents, 

upper  stories 

Oil  Mills,  see  page  62 

"  in  bbls.  in  Store 

"   Cake,   Stored 

"  Coal  and  Petroleum,  see  p.  53 

"  Cloth    Factories 

"      "        Stocks 

Omnibus  Factories,  see  page  36. 
Stables  "         49. 

Blocks  "         16. 

Opera  Houses,  decline 

Optical  Instrument  Makers 

Organ  and  Piano  Factories,  8ce 

page  55  

Orga.iis,  sec  Churches,  page  35 
Oyster  Cellars 


P. 

Packing  Houses,  see  page  57. 
Paint,  Oil  and  Drug  Stocks,  see 

page  39 

Paint  Works 

"    Shops 

Paintings  and  Panoramas,  travel 

iiig,  decline 


B. 


2.00 


1.25 
1.25 
1.00 

1.25 


1.26 
1.00 
2.25 
1.00 
1.25 
1.10 
.75 
1.00 
1,25 

2.75 

1.25 

.75 

7.00 


1.00 
1.75 


2.25 
.75 
1.00 
1.25 
1.00 


1.25 

1.25 

2.00 

.75 

.75 


.75 
3.60 


1.00 
2.75 
1.25 


C1.V8 

c. 

2.25 


1.60 
1.50 
1.25 

1.50 


1.50 
1.25 
2.50 
1.25 
1.50 
1.40 
1.00 
1.25 
1.50 

3.00 
1.50 
1.00 
8.00 


1.25 
2.00 


CIU3 

D. 

3.00 


2.00 
2.00 
l.-OO 

2.00 


2.00 
1.50 
3.00 
1.75 
2.00 
1.75 
1.25 

\.m 

1.75 

3.00 

2.00 

1.25 

10,00 


1.50 
2.50 


2..'H)  3.00 
1.00  i  1.2.5 
1.25  1..50 
1..50  2.IHI 
1.25     1.50 


1.50 

1.50 
2.25 
1.00 
1.00 

3.60 
1.00 
4.00 
9.00 


1.35 
3.00 
1.50 


9.75     3.00     3.50 
1.75     2.00  I  2.50 


2.00 

2.00 
2.50 
1.25 
1.25 

4.00 
1.25 
5.00 
2.50 


1.60 
8.50 
2.00 


Add  for  Exposures.— These  rates  do  not  apply  in  ranges. 


75 


Pail  &  Bucket  Factories,  see  p.  56 

Panoramas,  Dioramas,  decline 

Paper  Mills,  Bee  page  54 

"      Stores 

Hanging  Manufactory,  sec 
page  55 

Paper  Hanging  Stocks 
"      Box 'Makers 

Patent     Leather     Manufactory, 
ilecline 

Patent  Medicines  Manufactory. 
"  "         Stocks 

Pattern    Shops 

Patterns,  see  page  It!  

Parasol  and  Umbrella  Factories 
'•  "  Stocks.. 

Pawnbrokers 

Penitentiary  Workshops,  decline 

Perfumery  Manufactory 

"  Stocks 

Periodical  and  News  Depots..  . 

Petroleum     and    Products,    sec 
page  53 

Photograph  Galleries,  see  p.  5(1. . 
"  Slocks,  in  Store 

Piano  and  Organ  Factories,  see 
page  55 

Piano  Stocks 

Picture  and  Lookiug-GlassSt'ks. 
"       Frame  Manufactory, page 
56 

Pickling,  Fruit  Canning... 

Plane  Makers 

Planing  Mills,  see  page  56. . , 

Plaster  Paris  Works,  steam 

Plating  Shops,   Britannia  Ware 
Manufactory 

Plating  Ware,   Britannia    Ware 
Stocks 

Plow  Makers,  hand,  see  page  35. 

Plumbing,  Pewtering,  Qas  Fit- 
ting Manufactory 

Plumbing,   Pewtering,  Gas  Fit- 
ting Stocks ^ 

Pocket  Book  Makers 

"  "      Stocks 

Pork  Houses,  see  page  57 

Porter  and  Beer  Houses 

Potash  Makers,  decline 

Potteries  see  page  5!) 

Powder  Mills,  decline,  sec  p.  69 

Preserve  and  Pickling  Shops. . . 

Precious  .Stones,  Jewelry  .Stocks 


Printing  Offices,  see  pape  60. 
Printing,  Dyeing  and  BleacI  ' 
Print  Works,  Calico,  refer. 


Prisons,  Jails,  see  page  39 

Provision  and  Prouuce  Stores. . 

Pump  and  Block  Maker 

Pyrotechnic  Works,  decline  . . . 

"  Stocks 


Queensware  Stocks. 
R. 


Rags,  baled,  in  Store 

Rag  and  Junk  Stores,  decline. 


Class 

Class 

Class 

B. 

c. 

D. 

7.0<) 

8.00 

10.00 

2.25 
1.00 

2..50 
1.25 

.3.00 
1.50 

1.50 
1.00 
1..50 

1.7.-) 
1.25 
1.75 

2.00 
1.50 
2.25  ; 

1.25 
1.10 
2.00 

1.50 
1.-40 
2.25 

1 
2.00 
1.75 
.3.00 

1.2") 
1.00 
1.25 

1.50 
1.25 
1.50 

2.00 
L.-^O 
2.00 

1.25 
1.10 
1.25 

1..^.0 
1.40 
1.50 

2.00 
1.75 
2.(K) 

.90 

1.10 

140 

2.75 
1.00 
1.25 

3.00 
1.25 
l.,50 

3..50 
1..50 
1.75 

7.00 
1.25 
1.75 
7.00 
2.75 

8.00 
1.50 
2.00 
8  00 
3.00 

10.00 
1.75 
2..50 

10.00 
4.00 

2.00 

2.25 

2.75 

.no 

2.25 

1.10 
2.50 

1.40 
3.50 

1..50 

2.00 

2..50 

.90 
1.25 
1.00 

1.10 
1..50 
1.25 

1.40 
2.00 
1.50 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

2.00 

2.25 

3.00 

1.25 
1.00 
1.25 
2.75 

1..50 
1.25 
1.50 
3.00 

1.75 
1.50 
2.00 
3.50 

1.00 
1.75 

1.25 
2.00 

1..50 
2.50 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

Railroad  Property,  sec  page  61 

Rectifying  Liquors 1  1.25 

Rendering  Lard,  see  patrc  .57. . . . 
Refrigerator  Manufactory,  hand.    2.00 

Stocks ,  1.00 

Regalia,  Masons,  I.  O.  O.  F..  etc.j  1.25 

Restaurants,  Kating  Houses i  1.25 

Rice  and  Grain   Stored ..      .75 

Kigging  Lofts |  1.25 

Roofing  (com p.)  Makers, decline. I 

"           "        Materials,  Storcdi  1.25 
Holling  Millg,  see  page  61  2.25 


Rope  and  Cordage,  Stored. 

"     Manufactory,  Steam 

"     Walks 

Rosin  Oil  Distilleries,  decline. 

"      in  Storage 


S. 

Saddlery  HHrdware,  Stocks  .... 

Saddletree   Makers,  hand 

Saddle  and  Harness  Shops 

Safe  (Iron~)  Stocks 

"       "      Manufactory 

Sail  and  Awning  Makers 

Saloons,  Drinking 

Salt  Works,  sec  page  02 

"  Stored 

Saltpetre  Kefinery,  decline 

"         Stored     in     (juantity, 

decline 

Sash  and  Blind  Factory,  sec  p.  56 

Saw  Mills,  sec  page  ().3 

School  Houses,  see  page  28 

Second-lland     Stores      (decline 

Stocks) 

.'^egars,  see  Cigars 

Seed  Stores 

Seminaries,  see  page  2S 

Sewing  Machine  Stocks 

Sheet  Iron  Shops,  see  page  67. . . 
Ship  Carpenters,  "        34... 

"    Chandlers 

Ships  in  Port,  see  page  31 

Shoddy,  Stored 

Shoe  Makers 

"     Stock,  wholesale        

Shuttle  and  Loom  Makers 

Show  Case  Makers 

"         "      Stocks 

Silver  Platers 

"      Ware  Manufacturers 

"  "      and  Jewelry  Stocks. 

Sisal  Grass  and  Manilla,  Stored. 
Slaughter  Houses,  see  page  57. . . 
Smoke  "  "         57... 

Snutt"  Mills 

Soap  &  Candle  Factory,  see  p.  64 

Soap  and  Candle  Stocks 

Spice  and  Drug  Mills,  see  page  65 

"     Stocks 

Spirit  Gas  and  Camptiene  Manu- 
factory, decline 

Spirit  Gas  and  Camphene  Sales  — 

Drug  Rates,  see  page  39 

Spirits  Turpentine,  Rosin— Naval 

Stores  

Spoke  and  Hub  F.ictory,  steam 

add  1.00  to  2. 00 


1.00 
3..50 
3.25 

1.00 


1.00 
1.75 
1.00 
.75 
1.75 
1.25 
1.25 

.75 


1.00 

Loi) 
1.00 
2.50 
1.00 

1.25 
1.00 
75 
L75 
1.75 
1.00 
2.00 
2.00 
1.00 
1.25 


2.25 
2..50 
.75 
2.75 
1.00 


1.00 
2.00 


C1.1S5 

c. 


1.50 

2.50 
1.25 
1.50 
1.50 
1.00 
1.50 

1..50 
2..50 
1.25 
4.00 
3.50 

1.25 


1.25 

2.(M) 
1.25 
1.00 
2.00 
1.50 
1..50 
2.00 
1.00 


7.00     8.00 
.75     1.00 


D. 


2.00 

3.50 
1..50 
2.00 
2.00 
1.25 
2.00 

2.00 
3.00 
1.50 
5.00 
4.00 

1.50 


1.50 
2.50 
1..50 
1.25 
2..50 
2.00 
2.(M) 
3.0(1 
1.25 


10.00 
1.25 


1.25     1.50     2.00 


1.25 
1.00 
1.25 
1.25 
3.00 
1.25 

1..50 
1.25 
1.00 
2.00 
2.09 
1.25 
2.25 
2.25 
1.25 
1.50 


2.60 
3.00 
1.00 
3.00 
1.25 


1.25 
2.50 


1.50 
1.25 
1..50 
1.75 
4.00 
1..50 

2.00 
1.50 
1 .25 
2.50 
2.50 
1..50 
2.75 
2.75 
1..50 
2.00 


3.00 
3..50 
1.25 
3..50 
1..50 


1.50 
3.50 


Add  for  Exposures.— These  rates  do  not  apply  in  Ranges. 


76 


stair  Buildern,  see  pa^e  34 

Stamp  and  CJuartz  Mills,  i<ec  p.  65. 

■'        "    Brand  ("ntlcrs 

Stave  &  Barrel  Factory,  nee  p.  30. 

Yardfj  pce  jja^'e  51 

Starch  Factories,  cee  paj^e  65 

Stables,  Livery,  "         50 

Hotel.  "         48  ... 

"        Private,         "  9... 

Stationern'  Stocks 

Steamboats,  in  Port,  see  pa,?e  31. 
Steam  Kiiirine  Makers,  "  46. 
Stcri'otyiK'  Foundries,      "        6!). 

SiuckliiL;  Weavers,  band 

Stores'  j^'iucrallv,  see  page  15 

Stiirai;e       "      "         "  10 

Stone  and  Earthenware  Stocks.. 
Stove  Foundries,  see  page  4tj. . . . 

"      Stocks 

Straw  and  Hay  baled.  Stored 

"       Goods  Manufactory 

"  "      Stocks,  wholesale. . 

"  "  "       retail   

Sugar  Refineries,  see  page  6(i 

'■      on  Storage  

Sulphur  in  bl)ls..  Stored  

Surgical  Instrument  Makers 


T. 


Tailor  Shops 

Tallow  (!handlers.  see  page  64. . . 

"       on  Storage 

Tanneries,  see  page  60 

Tar  Boiling  Houses,  decline 

"    (Naval  Stores) 

Taverns  and  Hotels,  see  page  48. 
Taverns,  Country          "    "       " 
Tea  Stores,  wholesale 

"  retail  

Tent  and  Awning  Makers 

Terra  Cotta  Works,  see  page  59. . 

Theatres,  decline. 

Threshed  Grain,  Stored 

Tin  shops,  see  page  67 

"   Copper  ancl  Iron  Stocks 

Tobacco  in  Store 

"        Barns,  see  page  67 

"        Factories,  see  page  68. . 

"        Stemmerles     "         68.. 
Tool  Makers,  hand 

"  steam 

Tow,  baled,  in  warehouses 

Tojr  Stocks 

Trmiming  Stores 

Tnmk  Makers,  Leather 

"  "        Wood,  by  hand. 

"       Stocks 

Tub  &  Bucket  Factory,  see  p.  56 


Clus 

Claw 

Glut 

B. 

c. 

D. 

2.50 

3.00 

4.00 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 
2.00 

2.50 

2.75 

3..50 

2..50 

2.75 

.3..50 

2.00 

2.50 

.65 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3..50 

2.00 

2.25 

2.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50   1 

2.(K) 

2..50 

3.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.25 

l.iJO 

2.00 

1.25 

I.IO 

2.00 

.!H) 

1.10 

1.40 

l.(K) 

1.25 

1.50 

2.50 

2.75 

3.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.25 

1..50 

2.00 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

2.50 

3.00 

3..50 

.75 

1.00 

].2-> 

1.00 

1.25 

1..50 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

.90 

110 

1.40 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.25 

1.50 

2.00 

2.00 

2.25 

3.00 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.00 

1.25 

1.70 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50   1 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.50 

2.00 

1.75 

2.00 

2.50 

4.00 

5.00 

1.75 

2.00 

2.50 

1.50 

1.75 

2.. 50 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

1.25 

\M 

1.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1..50 

2.50 

3.(K) 

4.00 

1.00 

1.25 

1..50 

7.00 

8.00 

10.00  1 

Turners  in  Wood,  by  hand. 

"  "        steam... 

Type  Founders,  see  page  69 


Umbrella  &  Parasol  Manufactory. 

"  "       Stocks 

Undertakers'  Stocks,  no  work.. . 
Upholstery  Manufactory,  see  p.  69;  2.25 

"  Stocks  


V. 

Variety  Store  

Varnish  Factories,  decline 

"        Stores 

Veneer  Makers,  hand 

Venetian  Blind  Makers,  hand 

Vessels  and  Sfeamboits  in  Port 

or  R<'i)airing,  see  page  31 

Victualling  Shops. 

Vinegar  Factories 


w. 

Wadding  and  Batting  Factory, 
see  page  31 

Wagon  Maker.^,  sec  page  35 

Warehouses,  sec  page  19 

Washini;  Machine  Makers,  hand. 

Watili  .Maki'rs,.)owelry  Shops... 

Walcii  .Manufactories 

Wliali'lioiic  Stored 

Wh(il\vriL,'hts,  hand  work 

Wheel,  Hub  and  Spoke  Factory, 
hand.  For  steam,  add  1.00  to 
3.00 


Whip  Manufactory 

"       and  Cane  Stocks  

Whisky,  stored 

White  "Lead  Works 

Window  Shade  Makers,  no  wood 

"        Glass  in  boxes 

Wine  &  Liquor  Stores,  see  p.  50. 

"  '^        in     Warehouses, 

no  sales 

Wine  &  Liquor  Saloons,  see  p.  50 

Wig  Makers 

Willow  Ware  Makers 

"  "     Stocks 

Wire  Factories 

*'      Working  Shops 

Wooden  Ware  Factories,  steam 

"  "       Stocks 

Wood  Yards,  see  page  51 

Wood  Baled,  storage  

Woolen  Mills,  see  page  70 


Clui 

Clois 

B. 

c. 

2.25 

2..50 

4.00 

5.00 

2.00 

2.25 

1.25 

1.50 

1.00 

1.25 

1.00 

1.25 

2.25 

2.50 

1.25 

1.50 

1.00 

1.25 

1..50 

2.00 

1.75 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.50 

1.75 

2.25 

2..50 

2.25 

2.50 

l.(K» 

1.25 

1.25 

L.'iO 

.75 

1.00 

2.00 

2.25 

2.00 

2.25 

1.25 

1.50 

l.(H) 

1.25 

.75 

1.00  : 

2.75 

3.00 

1.50 

1.75 

l.(K) 

1.25 

1.00 

1.25 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.00 

1.25 

1.25 

1.50 

1.00 

1.25 

1.75 

2.00 

1.25 

1.50 

4.00 

5.00  t 

1.00 

1.25 

1.00 

1.25 

2.75 

3.00 

Clau 

D. 

3.00 
6.00 
2.75 


2.00 
1..50 
1.50 
3.00 
1.75 


1.50 


3.00 
2..50 


9.00 
2.00 


3.50 

.3.50 
1..50 
1.75 
1.25 
3.00 


3.00 
2.00 
1.50 
1.25 
.3..50 
2.25 
1.50 
1.75 

1.25 
2.00 
1.50 
2.00 
1.50 
2..50 
2.00 
8.00 
1.60 
2.00 
1.50 
4.00 


Add  for  Exposures.— These  rates  do  not  .ipply  in  Ranges. 


77 


®liij  gipplication  and  ^mvvcjj. 

This  is  tlie  first  stej)  in  eft'ecting  an  insurance.  Never  issue  a  Policy 
without  first  securing  a  regular  application  and  survey.  This  is  habitu- 
ally neglected  hy  some  agents  !  it  is  of  prime  importance,  however,  and 
should  not  be  omitted  in  any  case. 

Parties  sometimes  object  to  filling  and  signing  an  application  ;  this 
is  invariably  from  one  of  four  causes  :  ignorance,  laziness,  unfounded 
prejudice,  or  incipient  fraud  :  either  of  which,  instead  of  justifying  the 
omission,  should  make  the  rule  imperative. 

Let  it  be  filled  carefully  and  completely,  written  in  ink,  and  signed 
})y  the  applicant.  Each  question  is  asked  to  be  answered  ;  therefore  let 
it  be  answered,  omitting  none. 

Where  practicable,  the  applicant  himself  should  make  it  out.  If  he 
desires  it,  however,  you  can  write  it  for  him,  but  in  doing  so  you  are  his 
agent  for  the  time  being. 

Make  no  entry  or  remark  of  your  own  on  the  application,  unless  there 
is  some  blank  prepared  especially  for  the  agent  to  fill.  It  is  the  a[)])li- 
cant's  document,  filled  over  his  signature ;  and  entries  thereon  by 
another  party  are  inappropriate.  Give  your  own  views  and  statements 
on  a  letter-sheet  separately  ;  always  do  this  freely,  as  a  Company  always 
desires  particularly  to  know  how  its  agent  regards  the  risk ;  making  a 
private  report  on  all  its  essential  points  of  great  value. 

Number   the  application    the   same    as   the  Policy,   and  refer   to   it 
therein,  making  it  ])art  thereof  in    the    following    words :     "  Special 

reference  heing  had  to  the  asstireWs  application^  No. ,  which  is  his 

[her  or  their]  warranty  and  a  part  hereof.''^ 


This  is  for  Mercantile  and  Dwelling  Risks.  It  should  be  filled  by 
the  applicant — answering  each  and  every  question  fully,  and  signing  the 
same.  Let  a  diagram  be  made  in  the  blank  prepared  for  it :  see 
directions,  in  regard  to  Diagrams,  further  on. 


78 


For  tliese  there  are  ai)plicatioiis  of  various  tbrnis  adapted  to  each 
occupation,  as 

Flour  Mill,  Papek  Mill, 

Cotton  Mill,  Woolen  Mill, 

Tannery,  Brewery, 

Pork  House,  Saw  Mill, 

Soap  and  Candle  Factory, 

and  also  a  General  Manufacturing  Application.  Each  special  hazard 
must  he  surveyed  ujpmi  its  own  inirticular  hlanJc,  as  none  of  the  others 
will  hring  out  the  particular  information  desired  ^  please  reinemher  this. 
Applications  should  always  be  written  in  ink,  and  never  in  pencil 
mark.     They  should  invariably  receive  the  signature  of  the  Applicant. 

A  survey  is  simply  a  critical  examination  of  the  risk  in  all  its  In- 
surance aspects,  and  a  notation  of  the  same  on  the  printed  blank.  Its 
importance  is  dwelt  ui)on  by  all  underwriters,  and  cannot  well  be  over- 
estimated. It  should  clearly  develop  five  vital  points,  namely.  Con- 
struction^ Occupancy,  External  Exposure,  Internal  Danger  and  Moral 
Hazard. 

Be  familiar  with  the  Cr.AssiFuuTioN  of  Buildings  on  the  last  page 
of  the  book,  it  will  greatly  aid  you. 

Fire- Walls. — A  fire-ioall  is,  briefly,  one  that  will  turn  fire.  To  do 
this  it  must  be  at  least  twelve  inches  thick,  without  ojienings,  rising 
well  above  the  roof,  having  the  joists  resting  on  ledges,  or  beveled  and 
so  inserted  that  the  falling  of  a  floor  will  not  pull  the  wall  dowiu  If 
any  walls  arc  represented  as  Jire-walls,  see  that  they  come  up  to  these 
requirements. 

llooFS. — Metal,  slate,  tile,  or  shingles  laid  in  mortar,  are  the  only  safe 
materials  with  which  to  cover  buildings  in  blocks  or  that  are  exposed. 
"Composition,"  ''gravel,"  "  mastic  "  and  other  "Patent"  prejtarations, 


Y9 

are  vanity !  Some  of  them  will  resist  sparks  rather  better  than  shingles  ; 
but  the  dripping,  burning  tar  from  mi  inside  fire,  lohich  prevents  the 
removal  of  goods ;  and  the  iierceness  witli  wliich  it  burns  from  outside 
flames,  when  once  ignited,  overbalance  its  good  points,  and  grade  it 
with  or  below  common  shingle  roofing. 

The  Brooklyn  Fire  Marshal  says :  In  fifteen  years'  experience,  I  have  seen  only  one 
[composition]  roof  where  it  stood  the  test,  but  a  great  many  where  it  ran  oft"  on  the 
approach  of  fire  and  burnt  very  readily.  If  I  wished  to  burn  a  house  down,  I  do  not 
know  of  anything  better  to  assist  me  in  the  undertaking  than  some  of  these  preparations 
for  cheap  roofing.  It  is  very  easy  to  make  samples  which  will  resist  fire,  but  I  have  never 
seen  the  same  preparation  on  roofs.  I  am  fully  persuaded  that  tin,  sheet-iron,  slate,  or 
even  shingles,  make  a  better  roof  than  any  of  the  preparations,  and,  in  the  long  run,  a 
cheaper  one." 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  fire-proof  tar  is  as  scarce  as  non-explosive  gun- 
powder or  incombustible  kerosene ! 

Continuous  roofs,  over  a  block  without  fire-walls,  are  a  bad  feature, 
and  add  to  the  rate  .2»5  to  .50. 

Wooden  Coenioes  are  dangerous  ornaments.  In  the  great  Troy  fire 
"  hundreds  of  valuable  buildings,  in  all  parts  of  the  burnt  district,  were 
set  on  fire  on  their  wa)oden  cornices  from  the  surrounding  heat  alone. 
Our  authorities  could  do  no  greater  service  than  by  prohibiting  this  de- 
scription of  ornament  on  any  building  which  may  hereafter  be  erected." 

Scuttles  and  Stairs  to  the  roof  are  an  important  convenience  in 
protecting  the  building  from  neighboring  fires. 

Skyliguts  and  Oijservatokies  are  easily  broken  in,  and  add  to  the 
dangers  of  a  sweeping  fire.  If  badly  constructed,  or  peculiarly  exposed, 
they  should  add  .10  to  .25  to  the  rate. 

CuTMNEYs,  flues,  stovcs,  pipcs,  furnaces,  ashes,  etc.,  have  had  atten- 
tion on  pages  10,  11,  and  12,  which  see. 

Communications. — Two  buildings  communicating  by  doors,  and  oc- 
cupied by  one  tenant,  are  generally  regarded  as  one,  and  stocks  therein 
are  so  insured  ;  it  is  much  better,  how^ever,  to  put  a  specific  amount  on 
or  in  each,  where  practicable.  If  such  buildings  are  occupied  by  more 
than  one  tenant,  all  must  pay  the  rate  charged  for  the  most  hazardous. 

Iron  Doors  and  Shutters,  of  adequate  thickness,  well  made  and 
well  hung,  compensate  in  a  great  measure  for  openings :  if  regularly 
closed  at  night,  you  may  rate  the  wall  as  whole. 


80 

Plate  Glass,  three  feet  square  or  more,  in  windows  and  doors,  mnst 
be  separately  insured,  and  a  specific  sum  placed  on  each  plate  at  an  ad- 
vance of  1 .00  over  the  rate  on  building ;  their  great  liability  to  crack 
from  heat  or  be  broken  at  a  fire  makes  this  only  just. 

C».)RNEK  Buildings  with  doors  opening  into  two  streets  are  a  shade 
better  for  insurance  of  merchandise,  from  the  facility  with  which  goods 
may  be  saved. 

FuAME  Buildings  in  ranges  are  treated  on  page  17,  which  see. 

Buildings  or  Contents  are  priferable  according  to  construction  and 
other  circumstances.  In  cities  and  large  towns  with  good  fii'e  depart- 
ments, buildings,  as  a  rule,  are  best.  So  of  detached  risks  generally 
and  standard  warehouses  and  stores  (short  risks  on  contents  always  ex- 
cepted). But  in  frame  ranges,  or  in  blocks  under  continuous  roofs,  or  in 
omnibus  blocks,  stocks  are  the  best,  specially  those  on  the  ground  floor, 
])ut  stocks  in  the  third  and  fourth  stories  are  not  so  good  as  the  building. 
Experience,  only,  will  give  correct  discrimination  on  this  point. 

•  Occupations  have  long  been  grouped  in  four  classes,  called  Nmi- 
Hazardous^  such  as  Dwellings,  Staple  Dry  Goods ;  Hazardmis^  such  as 
Crockery,  Hardware ;  Extra  Hazardous^  such  as  Drugs,  Books ;  and 
Specially  Ilazai'dous,  such  as  Mills  and  Manufactories. 

While  this  system  has  its  merits,  and  is  still  i-etained  in  many  policies, 
some  companies  have  dropped  it  altogether  as  being  too  vague  and 
general.  The  general  drift  of  this  book  looks  to  its  abandonment,  but 
need  not  in  any  wise  conflict  with  those  companies  that  retain  it. 
Instead  of  grouping  flfty  or  more  occupations  under  one  tariff"  figure, 
we  have  prepared  rates  and  rules  for  each  on  the  foregoing  pages. 
Ascertain  and  note  the  si)ecific  occupancy  or  occupancies  of  the  risk, 
turn  to  those  rates  for  detailed  advice,  and  then  give  attention  rather  to 
the  character  of  the  occupant^  as  suggested  by  queries  on  pages  1.''  and 
14,  and  also  under  the  head  of  Moral  Hazard.  All  these  (pu'stions 
have  theii-  bearings,  and  siiould  be  well  considered  as  of  vital  importance. 
If  on  any  of  these  points  you  reach  an  unfavorable  conclusion,  beware 
of  the  risk  ! 


81 

The  bearings  and  importance  of  external  exposures  are  not  generally 
appreciated  by  agents  who  have  not  given  the  subject  careful  study, 
and  yet  it  is  no  more  true  that  "  a  man  may  be  known  by  the  company 
he  keeps,"  than  that  a  risk  must  be  rated  according  to  its  surroundings. 
It  is,  however,  next  to  impf)ssible  to  give  rules  on  this  topic  that  shall 
meet  every  case,  because  the  situation  and  ex^josures  of  no  two  risks  are 
precisely  alike  ;  but  the  following  remarks  will  be  of  value  : 

Buildiiifrs  Class  A  arc  refjardtsd  as  unexposed  when  standing  20  feet  from  brick, 
mercantile  or  dwelling  risks,  or  40  feet  from  frame.  If  the  exposures  are  special  hazards, 
no  general  rule  can  be  (riven  ;  each  must  be  determined  upon  the  individual  facts. 

B  and  C  buildings  are  unexposed  at  double  the  above  distances  (unless  a  fire- wall 
intervene,  then  30  to  60  feet). 

D  buildings  are  safe  at  100  feet,  unless  the  exposure  is  very  heavy. 

The  direction  of  the  wind  has  considerable  to  do  with  the  importance  of  an  exposure^ 
Wherever  the  prevailing  winds  are  W.,  S.  W.  and  N.  W.,  a  westerly  exposure  is  more 
formidable  than  an  easterly  one,  and  should  stiffen  up  the  rate  accordingly. 

Narrow  streets  and  alleys,  with  bad  exposures  opposit(v,  have  an  important  bearing, 
and  must  not  be  overlooked. 

Exposures  diminisli  in  force,  as  the  distance  increases,  much  more  rapidly  in  regard 
to  brick  buildings  than  in  regard  to  frames.     A  few  examples  will  illustrate  : 

I.  A  frame  dwelling  adjoining  a  frame  black8mi*,h's  shop  is  worth  blacksmith 
rates  (2.25) ;  at  5  feet  distance  the  hazard  would  be  practically  the  same ;  at  10  feet  it 
would  be  worth  its  own  rate  and  half  the  blacksmith  rate  in  addition  (1.62) ;  at  20  feet, 
its  own  and  one-fourth  the  blacksmith  rate  additional  (1.06);  at  40  feet  one-eighth  the 
blacksmith  rate  additional  (.78),  and  would  not  get  well  rid  of  the  exposure  short  of 
100  feet.  A  class  B  dwelling  adjoining  the  same  shop  would  partake  of  about  half  the 
blacksmith  hazard  in  addition  to  its  own  (1.47) ;  at  5  feet  it  would  be  relieved  of  one- 
eighth  of  that  exposure  (1.3S) ;  at  ten  feet,  one-fourth  (1.19) ;  at  20  feet,  one-half  (.91) ; 
and  at  40  feet  it  would  almost  cease  to  be  exposed. 

II.  Brick  stores  with  fire-walls  and  iron  shutters  standing  on  opposite  sides  of  a  20 
foot  alley  would  make  hardly  an  appreciable  exposure  to  each  other ;  while  frames 
similarly  situated  would  each  impart  one-half  or  more — according  to  height  and  size — its 
own  hazard  to  the  other,  and  if  worth  1.25  detached,  would  now  be  wortli  2.00  to 
2.50. 

III.  A  frame  warehouse  adjoining  a  frame  steam  mill  would  be  worth  mill  rates, 
but  the  force  of  the  exposures  would  not  diminish  so  rapidly  as  in  the  blacksmith  illustra- 
tion above,  because  the  greater  height  and  size  of  the  mill  would,  in  the  event  of  a  fire, 
extend  its  burning  power  much  further,  and  at  10  feet  the  warehouse  would  be  about  as 
certain  to  burn  as  if  adjoining,  and,  at  30  or  40  feet  at  least  one-half  the  mill  rate  should 
be  charged  in  addition  to  its  own.  A  discrimination  of  .25  to  .50  could  be  made,  how- 
ever, in  favor  of  contents  of  warehouse,  for  the  probabilities  of  removal. 


8^ 


ISTothing  sets  forth  the  true  insurance  merits  of  a  locality,  and  the 
bearings  of  buildings  upon  each  other,  like  a  good  diagram.  The 
examples  given  on  the  following  pages  are  on  a  scale  of  fifty  feet  to  an 
inch,  and  are  commended  to  your  careful  study  and  imitation. 

So  much  difficulty  is  encountered,  and  such  a  mass  of  detail  is 
involved  in  stating  rules  and  examples  for  rating  exposures^  that  we 
believe  no  good  practical  result  would  be  reached  by  the  attempt ;  and 
you  are  referred  to  the  accompanying  Model  Diagram,  as  aft'ording  a 
better  illustration  of  risks  than  any  amount  of  mere  printed  explanation. 


now  TO  MAKE  A  DIAGRAM. 

Survey  the  premises  thoroughly  and  make  a  rough  sketch  with  all  the  distances 
marked  correctly,  and  such  memoranda  as  you  may  need  ;  then  copy  it  carefully  at  your 
desk,  drawing  it  to  a  scale  ;  (50  feet  to  an  inch  is  the  scale  most  generally  in  use.) 

Use  RED  ink  for  hrick  or  stone  buildings,  and  black  for  frames.  Designate  fire-trails 
by  a  heavy  red  mark.  Put  the  distances  in  feet  in  red  ink,  and  the  number  of  stories  in 
black. 

Write  in  the  whole  occupancy  of  the  risk  and  all  its  exposures  ;  also  the  materials  of 
the  roof,  but  shingles  may  be  indicated  by  a  cross  (x),  composition  by  a  dot  (.),  and  metal, 
slate  or  tile,  by  a  star  (*). 

Always  give  the  points  of  compass. 

On  the  backs  of  applications  are  ruled  faint  lines,  about  five  to  an  inch.  Rate  tliese 
little  squares  as  ten  feet,  and  you  have  a  most  convenient  scale  on  which  to  draw  an 
accurate  Diagram,  by  means  of  which  you  can  get  the  sizes  of  buildings,  and  tlieir 
distances  from  and  bearings  upon  (^ach  other,  with  considerable  precision.  A  little 
practice  will  make  this  familiar  and  render  the  work  easy  and  rapid. 

Number  tin;  buildings,  as  in  the  plat  on  the  following  page,  for  convenient  reference 
in  regard  to  details  tMt  cannot  go  in  the  limited  space  of  the  Diagram  itself,  and  state 
freely  any  information  bearing  u|K)n  the  sev+^ral  risks.  For  example  (see  next  page), 
"  Nob.  15  and  IG,  well  arranged  and  occupied,  choice  risks."  "  Nos.  13  and  14,  good 
buildings,  omnibus  occupancy,  untidy."  "  Nos.  10,  11  and  13,  neat  and  orderly,  best  class 
of  frames,  chimneys  all  built  from  the  ground."  "  Nos.  3  and  6,  fair  of  their  sort,  well 
ke]>t,  but  rather  wooden."  "  Nos.  21  to  29  inclusive,  very  dangerous,  flues  imperfect, 
occupation  miscellaneous,  not  insurable.''  "  No.  20,  new  and  well  built,  smutter  in  base- 
ment, tidy,  good  of  its  kind."  "  No.  19,  small,  neat  shop."  "  No.  17,  dangerous  stove 
pipe,  bad  risk  and  bad  exposure,"  and  so  on,  as  the  merits  of  each  may  demand. 


1 
Crib. 

yoj. 


Shed. 


Tjiven'^' Hotel  StaNe 


N| 


/fardwarr. 
Xa/O. 


CrrarcTies. 
Xo.H. 


12 


C/iurrJi. 

Aa.9. 


S///frS/um 


iiniMi 

Oemm/  Store. 
Ma/o. 


OcnlS'tore. 


treneral  Store 
one  oeeiipant. 
Af'a/S. 


\^. 


o 


A'ot6 
Ware 
louse. 


C/YKs:s 


Street. 


10 


1      1 


TH) 


fSWtd/et 
Shop. 

Xo.Q/. 


SheA  •- 


{rr(frrne,s\     'o 
Xa2S. 


StaNelj 


IS 


iS'fuvShm  trr///s7//tltfy. 
Ptoeiuee/^NeetSton'. 


StaMf. 
Xo.27. 


Fter/iititre 
Store. 
Ao.es. 


■  ^ 


Carpe/iter  Shop. 
Ah/Z 


A   U  \\ 


BlacKsmitJi 
S/wp. 


nv  (»K 


CALIF()(.'\IA.i        '^ 


U 


,Vo.20 
Steam 


^  Model  I)ia^raiu 


rahJTier  S7?op.     !^     Ser//r  ,*t//tJru/t///uh 


3 


2 

1 

mre. 

lO 


JcfmSfShrf. 


Durffmg. 


15 


WB. 


PorA'n/r/tv//r/ 
in  f/irM'/n(a: 


Ititdien. 


Diagram  of  l*roperly  at  Jones  laiuliiiQ  on  Ohio  Kiver. 


Diagram  of  Wilsons  Mills  onO>\i  Crook. 


85 

8V.    (lnit©iri;iall  Pattg^ps  atidl  SeQiaplt^es. 

In  addition  to  what  is  said  in  regard  to  construction,  occupancy 
and  moral  hazard,  your  attention  is  invited  to  several  other  points  of 
internal  arrangement,  such  as 

].  Sleepiiuj  rooms  for  clerks  or  others;  these  are  frecpiently  care- 
lessly kept,  and  they  demand  consideration.  2.  Hatchways,  Shyl'ujhts 
and  Well-holes  f  these  make  great  flues  to  spread  a  fire  quickly  through- 
aut  a  huilding,  and,  where  it  is  possible,  they  should  be  closed  when  not 
in  use.  3.  Deadened  floors  /  these,  if  entire,  without  hatchways,  retard 
the  progress  of  flames  and  make  the  hazard  in  upper  stories  much  lighter. 
4.  The  Heating  ai)j>aratus,  whether  fireplaces,  grates,  stoves,  furnace 
or  steam,  must  receive  critical  attention  and  be  sound  and  safe  in  every 
respect ;  as  also  the  mode  and  means  of  lighting — see  extended  remarks 
on  these  subjects  on  pages  10,  11  and  12.  5.  The  Imsiness  system  of  the 
concern^  whether  neat  and  orderly,  or  dirty  and  loose,  whether  books 
are  systematically  kept.  G.  Careless  or  intejnjperate  employes  and 
sleepy  watchmen  should  be  noted.  7.  Night  work — as  in  manufactories 
and  printing  ofiices  ;  late  hours,  as  in  hotels,  stables  and  saloons,  all 
have  their  elements  of  danger  and  should  be  taken  into  the  account. 
8.  /Spontaneous  eo?nJncstion  may  be  lurking  unsuspected  ;  greasy  rags, 
camphene,  painted  or  oiled  canvas,  lime,  lamp-black  and  oil,  matclies, 
benzine  and  various  other  latent  incendiaries  often  "  take  fire  of  them- 
selves "  and  must  be  looked  after. 

yi/„    Moml  Mlasairdlo 

This  arises  from  the  motive,  intention,  design,  desire,  will  or  ]tiirpose 
of  owners  or  others  to  burn  property ;  and  is  directly  the  germ  of  fraud 
and  a  fire.  Guard  against  it  above  all  other  things,  and  if  any  taint  of 
it  be  developed  in  tlie  course  of  your  examination,  reluse  the  risk  uncon- 
ditionally. It  is  more  difficult  to  discover  than  all  else,  because  hidden 
from  view  in  the  breast  of  the  intended  incendiary,  who  may  be  of 
accepted  respectability  and  standing.  Jfere  is  a  field  for  the  exercise  of 
yoirr  own  judgment  and  firmness.  You  need  not  (indeed,  you  cannot, 
witliout  oflence)  proclaim  your  motive  for  declining  the  risk,  but  if  any 
reason  whatever  appears  why  the  insurance  money  might  be  better  to 


86 

the  party  than  the  property  itself,  or  if  threats,  litigation,  disputes  or  an 
embarrassed  business  appear,  decline  it  without  terms.  Never  take  a 
ri.sl\  under  the  ^pressure  of  iiupartunity^  arjainat  the  verdict  of  your 
letter  judgraent^  %oith  a  linger'lng  feeling  of  uneasiness  about  something 
that  may  afterward  lead  you  sceretly  to  wish  it  had  not  heen  accepted. 
Never  allow  yourself  to  be  talked  out  of  a  just  conviction. 

The  character  and  standing  of  the  applicant  furnish  tho  index  to  his  moral  hazard. 
If  he  is  honorable,  systematic,  and  businesslike,  he  will  be  less  likely  to  have  enemies, 
within  or  witiiout,  than  a  dishonest,  careless,  or  litigious  person.  Satisfy  your  mind  fully 
on  the  following  points  ;  they  have  been  noticed  before,  but  are  regarded  as  sufficiently 
imi>ortant  to  warrant  the  repetition.  1.  Is  the  party  unpopular,  grasping,  overbearing, 
litigious,  tricky,  dishonest?  2.  Is  he  losing  money — is  he  embarrassed  and  desjterate? 
3.  Has  he  never  insured  before,  but  suddenly  become  convinced  of  its  imi)ortance  '?  4.  Has 
he  been  threatened,  or  is  he  a  man  hated  and  feared  in  the  neighborhood,  and  abounding 
in  enemies?  5.  Has  he  a  bad  lease?  6.  Is  the  property  in  dispute  or  litigation — is  it 
unjiroductive  and  unprofitable — is  it  a  stock  of  remnants  or  a  branch  store — an  unsalable, 
unfashionable,  depreciated,  or  damaged  stock  ?  7.  Is  it  in  the  hands  of  the  sheriff  or 
assignees — in  the  fonner  case,  it  is  undoubtedly  the  subject  of  threats  and  revenge?  8. 
Have  there  been  any  former  fires  under  suspicious  circumstances,  and  was  there  any  in- 
surance? 9.  Is  the  business  a  new  experiment  in  manufactures  or  merchandise — sonu; 
patent  clap-trap  of  questionable  value  ?  10.  Is  the  management  careless,  improvident  or 
unsystematic?  11.  Is  an  excessive  amount  of  insurance  asked  for,  or  an  over-valuation 
stated  ? — this  is  a  sure  sign  of  something  wrong.  If  any  question  arises  in  your  mind  in 
regard  to  any  of  the  above  matters,  do  not  grant  a  jiolicy  until  it  is  cleared  up  in  the  most 
satisfactory  manner. 

MoKAii  Hazarp  of  Watchmen.— Many  guardians  of  proi)erty  who  watch  at  night 
are  trustwfjrthy  and  diligent ;  we  would  not  cast  a  word  of  suspicion  on  those  men  who 
are  faithful,  but  it  is  a  notorious  fact  that  watchmen  have  been  hired  to  burn  property,  or 
to  connive  at  its  destruction.  They  are  peculiarly  exposed  to  approaches  of  this  nature 
from  designing  men,  and  underwriters  must  not  overlook  this  iM)int  of  danger.  Be  posted 
in  regard  to  the  individual  watchmen. 

Insurance  op  Contingent  Interests. — A  great  deal  of  property  is  owned  "  in  the 
name  of  the  wife."  A  great  deal  is  held  or  occui)ied  by  jjarties  having  a  life  estate,  or  a 
right  that  terminates  when  some  minor  comes  of  age,  or  when  some  relative  dies,  or 
marries.  These,  and  similar  cases,  i>re8ent  frequent  conundrums  for  solution  by  under- 
writers, and  should  receive  the  needed  attention  as  they  come  up.  They  may  be  all  right, 
find  they  may  he  all  irrong  ;  see  to  it  that  no  profit  is  made  out  of  the  ('om])anies  on  risks 
of  this  sort,  as,  for  exanqdi',  on  a  building  held  for  years  by  a  party  insured,  who  is  to 
lose  ])os8e88ion  when  some  other  party  comes  of  age  who  is  now  in  the  last  year  of  his 
minority. 


87 


f  olicirs  antt  f  oliqt  ^itinfl. 

The  Poli(^j  is  based  upon  the  application,  and  sliould  conform  to  it; 
it  should  always  refer  to  the  application,  and  make  it  a  part  of  itself  in 
the    following   words :    "  special    reference    beinui;    had  to  the    assured's 

application,  No. ,  which  is  his  [her  or  their]  warranty  and  a  part 

hereof." 

p].\ercise  i^reat  care  in  makinj^  the  Policy  plain  and  explicit.  Write 
it  as  carefnlly  as  yon  would  a  note  of  hand,  or  a  deed  for  the  same 
amount.  If  you  intend  to  cover  such  and  such  items,  say  so;  if  the 
assured  intends  to  have  such  and  such  covered,  ascertain  the  fact,  Hifrea 
upon  the  details,  and  say  so.  Let  the  writing  express  the  exact  contract 
in  its  true  intent  and  meaning,  as  clearly  as  plain  words  will  do  it. 
Nothing  will  make  an  agent  feel  more  chagrined  and  nu^rtified  than  to 
find  a  policy  defective  a/ier  ajlre,  and  he  compelled  to  say,  "  I  intended 
it  to  cover  so  and  so .'"  He  not  only  makes  himself  personally  liable  for 
the  results  (see  the  law  of  agency)  and  severely  blames  himself,  but  lie 
o;ets  blame  from  others.  The  assured  censures  him  for  giving  him  an 
imperfect  contract;  those  who  hear  of  it  censure  him,  and  perhaps  with- 
draw tlieir  business  rather  than  run  similar  risks ;  ami  he  hazards  the 
imputation  from  his  companies  of  turning  against  them,  in  the  time  of 
disaster,  to  pettifog  an  uncertain  construction  in  tavor  of  a  dissatisfied 
claimant!  Appreciating  these  and  similar  considerations,  you  will 
pardon  the  emphasis  and  plainness  with  which  we  urge  the  importance 
of  irettinii  the  Policy  just  kkjiit  before  it  leaves  your  hands. 

Avoid  abbreviations  in  policy  writing  ;  never  make  use  of  the  terms 
"  ditto"  or  "  do.,"  "  etc."  or  "  &c." — they  signify  nothing,  and  may  make 
mischief.  If  you  use  the  words  "  stock"  or  "  merchandise,"  be  particular 
to  define  what  sokt  of  stock  or  merchandise  you  refer  to.  Never  say 
"  personal  property,"  without  defining  it  clearly,  and  in  all  cases  avoid 
general  terms  ami  such  language  as  is  ambiguous  or  susceptible  of  mis- 
construction. 


88 

It  is  well  first  to  make  a  ])encil  sketch  of  the  written  portion  of  the  contract — 
especially  if  the  matter  is  at  all  extended  or  complicated — always  to  write  it  first  in  the 
record  book,  and  then  copy  it  neatly  on  the  i)olicy. 

The  ])rinted  form  of  policy  must  never  be  mutilated  or  changed. 

Valuations  of  property  are  never  to  be  inserted  in  tlie  policy. 

Othek  Insurance. — Always  ascertain  if  any,  and  note  it  on  tlie 
policy,  naming  the  amount  and  the  companies.  If  there  is  a  great 
number  of  policies,  a  notation  of  "  Other  insurances  permitted  to  the 

amount  of  % ,"  or  "  not  to  exceed  three-fourths  the  cash  value,"  is 

sufficient. 

See  that  all  policies  on  the  same  property  attach  alike ;  this  is  very 
important.  If  your  policy  is  on  a  "stock  of  hides,  leather  and  findings," 
do  not,  on  any  consideration,  give  consent  to  another  policy  "  on 
leather"  alone.  Or,  if  you  cover  in  the  "  store  room  and  rear  warehouse 
adjoining"  in  one  sum,  do  not  give  consent  to  another  policy  covering 
in  the  "  store  room"  alone.  Neglect  of  this  may  lead  to  the  most  un- 
satisfactory results  in  case  of  a  loss.  "  Non-concurrent"  policies,  where 
tliey  exist,  are  the  banc  of  all  adjustments. 

Specifications. — Specify  a  separate  amount  on  each  building  or 
kind  of  merchandise,  on  store  furniture  and  fixtures,  or  other  property 
covered ;  and  never  write  in  one  sum  on  several  separate  subjects,  as  on 
"  Stock  and  Fixtures,"  "  Building  and  Contents,"  "  House  and  T3arn  !" 
This  is  a  fundamental  rule,  and  may  never  be  departed  from.  Sec 
extended  remarks  on  this  topic  under  head  of  Ui.anket  Policies. 

Describe  in  tue  Policy  the  building  insured  or  containing  the  ])rop- 
erty  insured,  as  to  construction,  occupancy  and  location — for  example: 
"  his  two-story  brick,  shingle-roofed  dwelling  and  shoe-shop,  with  frame 
addition,  occupied  by  two  tenants,  and  situated  on  Lot  9,  of  Block  54, 
of  the  town  of" — or,  "contained  in  the  three-story  brick,  metal-roofed 
building.  No.  127  Main  Street,  occupied  as  dry  goods  store  and  offices  " 
— or,  "  the  one-story  frame  dwelling  occupied  by  the  assured  as  a  family 
residence,  located  on  the  N.  E.  corner  of  Scott  and  Fourth  Streets." 

ExriiESS  Warranties,  specially  in  Mill  and  Manufacturing  Insurance, 
should  be  written  in  full  in  tlie  Policy — as,  "  warranted  by  the  assured 
to  be  worked  by  daylight  only" — ''  no  smoking  or  lights  permitted  in 
any  of  the  buildings" — "a  cask  of  water  and   fire-buckets  to  be  con- 


89 

stantly  kept  in  tlie  picker  room  " — "  a  reliable  and  vigilant  watchman  to 
l>o  regularly  employed,  and  the  premises  never  to  be  left  alone  l)y  day  or 
iiioiit'' — or  any  other  matter  expressly  agreed  ui)on  in  regard  to  pro- 
viding, removing,  remedying  or  avoiding  anything  specially  bearing 
n])on  the  risk.  Trust  but  little  to  the  printed  conditions ;  make  the 
written  portion  of  the  contract  include  all  its  important  provisions. 

Endousements  on  the  Policy,  of  additional  insurances,*  removals, 
rc])airR,  transfers  or  other  matters,  must  be  noted  at  once  on  the  record 
book,  and  reported  to  the  company  immediately. 

All  endorsements  that  vary  the  contract  or  amount  to  a  new  agree- 
ment, require  five-cent  revenue  stamps. 

Assignments,  Transfers. — Policies  can  be  assigned  only  with  the 
consent  of  the  company,  because  the  contract  is  a  personal  one,  and  a 
new  party  of  unknown  or  doubtful  safety  cannot  be  substituted  without 
its  consent.  It  is  the  man^  not  the  house,  that  is  insured ;  and  the 
moment  another  owner  arises  the  contract  ceases.  If  the  new  owner  is 
satisfactory  to  the  agent,  consent  may  be  given  to  the  assignment,  if  not 
it  must  be  withheld.  Exercise  firmness  and  good  judgment  on  this 
point. 

Assignments  require  the  same  U.  S.  revenue  stamp  as  the  original 
policy,  to  he  furnished  hy  the  assured^  and  never  ly  the  Agent. 

Transfers  of  insurance  from  one  locality  to  another,  on  the  removal 
of  property,  may  be  consented  to  at  your  option,  but  will  call  tor  sound 
judgment.  If  the  removal  is  to  a  worse  locality,  collect  the  additional 
rate  or  withhold  consent;  be  firm  in  this.  If  to  a  better  locality,  and  a 
reduction  is  demanded  to  which  you  accede,  extend  the  insurance,  hut 
do  not  refund  the  premium — for  exami)le:  if  an  annual  policy,  half 
expired  is  transferred  from  Class  D  paying  1,50  to  class  B  worth  l.OO, 
the  six  months'  unearned  premium  at  1.50  would  pay  for  nine  months 
at  l.OO,  and  you  can  extend  the  insurance  three  months  over  its  present 
expiration  by  endorsement;  thus,  '-Permission  is  hereby  granted  to 
remove  the  insured  property  to  the  three-story  brick,  metal-roofed  store, 

*  It  is  the  practhce  wth  some  companies  to  make  no  endorsements  of  increased  insur- 
ance on  a  policy,  but  to  issue  a  new  policy  for  any  new  amount  granted  ;  and  the  method  is 
commended  to  your  attention.  As  a  matter  of  expediency,  to  save  the  multiplication  of 
documents,  endorsements  of  additional  insurance  are  usually  tolerated,  however. 


90 

No.  42  State  Street,  and  the  term  of  tliis  Policy  is  extciKled  to  expire 
November  27tli,  instead  of  August  27tli." 

Tlie  Time  Table  on  page  22  may  be  useful  in  this  connection. 

jYever  refund  a preTiiluni  except  upon  total  ranceUation  <>f  2>oli<'>/. 

Make  tliese  calculations  of  extension  carefully,  as  tliey  are  sometimes 
a  little  intricate ;  simplify  by  calculating  on  whole  months^  counting 
expired  fractions  of  montlis  as  whole  ones.  Do  not  yourself  suggest  a 
reduction  of  rate  in  the  new  locality,  as  the  fraction  in  your  favor  will  not, 
generally,  more  than  overbalance  the  labor  of  writing  up  endorsements, 
noting  on  record,  and  reporting  to  the  com])anies,  which  otherwise  is 
extra  and  gratuitous  labor.  Do  not  permit  the  assignment  or  transfer 
of  a  policy  having  less  than  a  month  to  run. 

He-Insurance. — Avoid  re-insurances  except  upon  the  very  best  classes 
of  property,  and  then  grant  it  only  when  it  is  impracticable  to  deal  directly 
with  owners.  Under  no  conditions  will  you  issue  a  policy  of  re-insurance 
to  a  comj)any  that  does  not,  hona  jidc^  retain  a  full  line  upon  the  risk. 
If  after  such  issuance  you  should  learn  that  the  comi)any  re-insured  had 
covered  or  cancelled  the  line  it  assumed  to  retain  when  you  gave  your 
policy,  cancel  at  once  ^  and  in  all  cases  be  certain  that  the  company  or 
agent  applying  is  not  putting  off  an  undesirable  risk  upon  you. 

Mortgage  Insurance. — Policies  for  collateral  security  to  mortgagees 
and  others  should  be  issued  in  the  name  of  owner,  with  ''  loss,  if  any, 
payable  to  A —  B — ,"  written  in  the  face. 

A  mortgagee  has  an  insurable  interest,  and  can  take  out  a  policy  in 
his  own  name,  and,  as  the  owner  can  at  the  same  time  insure,  the 
property  may  become  too  heavily  covered,  and  thus  a  motive  for  its 
destruction  arise.  Avoid  this  by  careful  in(pury,  and  even  then  insert 
the  following  clause  in  the  policy.  "  If  an  aggregate  amount  of  insur- 
ance exceeding  three-fourths  the  actual  cash  value  of  said  building  shall 
be  placed  thereon  by  owner,  or  mortgagees,  or  both,  then  this  policy 
shall  be  null  and  void  in  respect  to  one-fourth  the  true  cash  value." 

In  all  ])olicies  issued  to  mortgagees  insert  the  subrogation  clause, 
viz. :  "  In  case  of  loss  under  this  policy,  the  assured  shall  assign  to  this 
company  an  interest  in  said  mortgage  equal  to  the  amount  of  loss  paid." 

A  great  deal  of  "  Mortgage  Insurance  "  is  for  banks  and  honorable 


91 

men,  and  is  entirely  legitimate  and  desirable.  Another  portion  has  a 
had  moral  aspect,  being  for  ])arties  "hard  up"  and  des}»erate.  Exercise 
a  sound  discrimination  in  this  regard,  and  avoid  all  undesirable  risks  of 
this  sort.     See  remarks  on  page  52  in  regard  to  n.iortgage  insurance. 

Policies  ok  Rknewat-s  Lost. 

If  an  insured  party  losses  his  Policy  and  wants  a  duplicate  issued, 
charge  him  the  usual  ])olicy-fee  for  your  labor,  and  the  amount  of  the 
stamjf.  The  loss  was  his,  not  yours  or  the  Coni])any's.  It  is  not  really 
essential  that  he  have  a  new  policy,  as  full  records  of  it  exist  at  your 
agency  and  at  the  parent  office,  from  which  he  could  obtain  copies  if  a 
loss  made  it  necessary.  If  a  new  Policy  is  issued,  write  in  a  bokl  hand 
across  the  face  that  it  is  a  duplicate  ol'  number ,  Zotit  or  inislaid. 

Avoid  Yekbai,  Contracts. 

They  have  been  the  cause  of  great  trouble  in  insurance  as  well  as 
other  matters.  The  essence  of  a  contract  is  an  agreement  on  the  one 
hand,  and  a  consideration  on  the  other ;  if  these  are  admitted  or 
proved,  the  contract  is  binding,  though  verbal.  In  Insurance,  the 
Policy  should  l)e  the  only  contract — in  Renewals,  the  Peckipt  the  only 
evidence  of  a  renewal  or  intention  to  renew.  It  is  the  practice  of  some 
Agents  to  "have  an  understanding"  with  customers  that  "everything 
shall  be  renewed  anyhow ; "  and  if  both  customer  and  agent  should 
forget  the  expiration  for  a  week,  or  a  month,  or  eleven  months,  or  until 
a  fire  should  remind  them  of  it,  the  probabilities  are  that  the  Compaiiy 
would  have  to  stand  the  outrage  of  a  loss  claim !  We  most  earnestly 
protest  against  this  pernicious  practice,  and  beseech  all  Agents  to  "  have 
an  understanding,"  clearly  understood,  that  no  policy  is  renewed  until 
the  receipt  is  delivered  and  the  money  i>^id. 

In  1852  the  Trustees  of  the  First  Baptist  Church  of  Brooklyn  obtained  judgment 
against  the  Brooklyn  Fire  Insurance  Company  for  the  full  amount  of  a  Policy,  and 
interest  to  date,  under  the  following  circumstances : 

On  July  tst,  1845,  an  insurance  of  |5,000  was  effected  on  the  church,  and  on  the  9th 
of  August  assigned  as  collateral  security.  July  2l8t,  1846,  the  policy  was  renewed  for 
one  year,  but  the  certificate  was  not  delivered,  nor  the  premium  paid,  until  some  time 


92 

after;  there  being,  as  the  plaintiffs  alleged,  rt/i  undvrHtandvig  that  the  policy  should  be 
reiuiced  from  time  to  time  trithout  further  notice.  July  2l8t,  1847,  the  policy  was  similarly 
"renewed,"  and  no  further  negotiations  ensued.  On  the  10th  of  September,  1848  (nearly 
two  months  after  the  expiration  of  i\\it  last  renewal),  the  church  was  burned,  and  certain 
conversations  relative  to  the  alleged  understanding  to  renew  being  established,  the  decision 
was  given  against  th(^  C"omi)any  upon  such  verbal  negotiation.  The  ruling  was  that 
"  if  the  plaintiffs  have  jyroved  an  agreement  to  renew  they  are  entitled  to  recover." 

A  fn-e  application  of  this  doctrine,  to  the  transactions  of  agents  promiscuously,  Avould 
be  well  nigh  ruinous  to  the  companies,  and  whether  such  decisions  would  be  sustained  in 
the  higher  courts  or  not,  we  believe  prevention  better  than  cure,  and  therefore  instruct 
as  above. 

Cancellation  and  Ivetukn  of  Premium. — The  companies  reserve  tlie 
right  to  cancel,  for  any  cause,  at  their  option ;  this  right  will  be  exercised 
with  great  moderation  and  discrimination  where  care  is  manifested  in 
doing  tlieh-  husiness,  but  the  necessity  will  sometimes  arise.  When  the 
companies  cancel  at  then-  own  instance,  the  premium  is  returned  for 
the  unexpired  time  ^>;v>  rata  /  but  when  cancellation  is  at  request  of  the 
assured,  you  will  always  retain  short  rates  for  the  time  expired.  See 
page  20  for  short  rates,  and  also  for  rule  for  the  cancellation  of  loiuj 
term  policies. 

Give  credit  in  your  monthly  account  for  the  amount  of  commissions 
on  all  premiums  returned. 

lieftmding  premiums  should  be  avoided,  except  in  a  total  cancellation 
of  the  policy.  In  a  partial  cancelment  to  reduce  the  amount  covered, 
extend  the  time  (as  in  the  example  given,  on  page  89,  of  transfer  to  a 
better  locality),  but  keep  the  money  if  you  can.  Yuu  lose  the  com- 
missions, yje  lose  the  premium,  the  entries  Dr.  and  Or.  of  the  transaction 
have  to  pass  through  the  whole  account,  and  the  labor  is  not  only  for 
nothing,  but  for  an  actual  loss. 

Paktial  Cancellation  to  Reduce  th];;  Amount  covered,  may  be 
resorted  to  at  your  own  or  the  assured's  instance,  whenever  reduced 
values  demand  it,  either  upon  buildings  or  stocks.  In  making  such 
cancellation,  extend  the  insurance  proportionally  upon  the  amount 
remaining.  For  exam[)le,  a  stock  of  merchandise,  valued  at  $15,000, 
and  insured  for  $10,000  for  twelve  months,  exj)iring  April  nth,  is  perma- 
n(Mitly  reduced,  by  sales  and  shifting  trade,  to  $8,000,  when  the  policy 
has  run  eight  months   and  a  half,  and  you  wish  to  reduce  the  insurance 


93 

to  $5,000  from  tluit  date.  The  uneaniod  premium  on  $10,000  for  tlie 
remainiiii!,-  three  and  a  half  montlis,  Avould  carry  $5,000  seven  montlis, 
and  your  endorsement  would  run  as  follows :  "  The  amount  insured  is 
this  day  reduced  to  Five  Thousand  Dollars,  to  expire  July  20th,  instead 
of  April  5th  ;"  addiuiij  the  date  and  jour  signature. 


Blanket  Policies. 

The  importance  of  specifying  a  distinct  amount  upon  each  subject 
insured,  has  elsewhere  been  dwelt  u})on  ;  but  it  is  regarded  as  a  matter 
so  im})ortant  that  it  cannot  be  too  strongly  emphasized.  The  practice 
of  making  an  insurance  cover  an  indefinite  number  of  things  in  one  sum 
without  specifications,  as  "  $5,000  on  Building,  Machinery  and  drain ;" 
or  "  On  IJuilding  and  Contents ;"  or  "  On  Stock  and  Fixtures,"  is  so 
great  a  wrong  upon  the  underwriters  that  it  cannot  be  tolerated.  A 
single  illustration  will  exhibit  the  principle  involved. 


Five  buildings — in  a  block  or  otherwise — worth  $3,000  each,  are 
insured  for  $3,000  on  the  five.  If  one  burns,  the  whole  amount  of  the 
})olicy  must  be  paid !  The  insurance  was  sicpposed  to  be  equally  on 
them  all,  but  the  result  sliows  that  it  was  wholly  on  either  one — the  one 
that  huvned  j  thus  putting  five  risks  upon  the  insurer  for  one  premium. 
The  unmitigated  injustice  of  the  transaction  is  seen  at  a  glance.  Such 
a  case  can  be  equitably  disposed  of  in  either  one  of  four  ways  :  1.  By 
specifications  (so  much  on  each  building).  2.  By  five  premiums.  3.  )^yi 
the  average  clause.  4.  By  insuring  the  whole  value  of  the  five — $15,000. 
But  the  first  is  the  best  and  only  good  general  practice,  and  the  last  is 
not  allowable. 

Blanket  Insurance  upon  stock  and  fixtures,  or  any  property  in  the 
same  huilding^  is  not  so  glaring  as  the  above,  ])ut  has  more  or  less  of  the 
same  element,  and  is  always  unjust  to  the  underwriter.  The  j)rineij)le 
is  the  same,  whether  the  insurance  floats  an  inch  or  a  mile ;  it  must 
never  be  transferable  from  one  subject  to  another.  A  Life  Policy  on 
five  members  for  one  ])remium  would  be  a  parallel  absurdity,  and  the 
fact  that  they  were  "  all  in  the  same  building"  would  not  mitigate  the 


94 

l>lnnder.  A  policy  on  "Husband  and  AV^ife,"  or  "  Parent  and  Child," 
for  a  sini^le  premium,  would  be  a  ram  avis  in  Life  ])ractice  that  tinds 
its  ridiculous  counterpart  in  '"  Blanket"  Policies  from  the  Fire  offices. 

The  Average  Clause 

Reads  thus :  "  It  is  understood  and  agreed  that  claims  under  this  policy 
shall  only  be  for  such  proportion  of  the  whole  loss  as  the  amount  of  this 
insurance  bears  to  the  whole  value  of  the  property  insured."  This  clause 
is  chiefly  for  use  in 

Floatin(;  Policies. 

A  Floating  Policy  is  simply  a  "Blanket"  as  above  described  (or 
covering  in  a  number  of  different  warehouses,  docks,  etc.),  with  the 
alnwe  clause  added.  It  is  extensively  used  in  English  practice,  but 
hardly  at  all  in  this  country.  We  do  not  favor  its  use,  specially  if  there 
is  other  insurance  on  the  same  property ;  as  the  most  vexatit»us  and 
unsatisfactory  of  all  adjustments  are  those  under 

NoN-CONCirRRENT   POLICIES. 

These  are  divers  policies,  attaching  differently  to  the  same  property. 
As  where  several  policies  cover  a  stock  of  dry  goods,  while  one  includes 
store  furniture  and  fixtures,  or  another  includes  dry  goods  and  leather 
without  specifications,  or  where  all  cover  on  the  main  floor,  while  one 
covers  also  in  the  cellar  or  in  the  back  warehouse  without  specitying  a 
separate  amount.  The  perplexity  to  all  concerned  arising  from  settle- 
ments under  such  policies  is  infinite,  and  it  is  better  to  decline  a  risk 
than  to  join  in  non-concurrent  insurance.  Adopt.,  as  an  invariable  ruls, 
that  Ai.i-  roiJCiKS  ON  xirE  same  property  must  read  ok  attacu  alike. 

Documents  Dkfackd  ok  Si'oii-kd. 

Policies  and  Renewals  defaced  or  spoiled  must  invariably  be  returned 
to  the  Company  (with  such  explanations  as  may  be  necessary)  with  the 
monthly  report.    All  documents — policies,  renewals,  certificates  or  others 


95 

— bearing  official  signatures  are  of  importance,  and  must  be  treated  with 
care  and  attention. 


NuM15KliIN(J    OF   THE    IsSUES. 

Different  plans  have  obtained  favor  among  the  companies,  and  you 
must  be  guided  in  this  respect  by  instructions  from  each.  One  method 
is  to  have  a  separate  series  for  each  sort  of  issue ;  the  J-^olicies  being 
nund)ered  at  the  ])arent  office  before  they  are  sent  out,  from  number 
one  onward,  to  be  issued  consecutively.  Tlie  lienewal  Kecei])ts  under 
this  plan  are  similarly  treated,  so  that  lleceipt  No.  1,  when  issued, 
wouhl  be  upon  any  policy  numl)er  that  miglit  be  ready  for  renewal. 
And  as  either  Policies  or  Renewals  were  issued,  each  would  stand  in  its 
separate  series  of  numbers  without  regard  to  the  other,  and  each  series - 
would  be  preserved  intact.  So  of  Certificates,  Open  Policy  Endorse- 
ments, etc.,  each  must  have  its  own  separate  numbering.  This  plan  has 
many  advantages  in  preventing  confusion  and  in  keeping  track  of  docu- 
ments that  are  already  numbered.  Where  this  plan  is  followed  by  a 
company,  you  will  never  change  or  deface  the  number  of  any  document. 
If  a  Policy,  or  Renewal,  or  Certificate  should  be  mutilated,  return  it  to 
the  couipany,  and  so  report  it,  and  use  the  next  nutnber  in  rotation. 

Another  method  is,  to  have  but  one  series  for  all  issues.  The  Policies 
and  Renewals  are  sent  to  the  agencies  without  being  nund)ered,  and 
Policies  ai-e  issued,  say  up  to  number  50,  when  one  comes  around  for 
renewal  ;  the  Renewal  is  numbered  51  ;  the  next  issues  are  two  new 
Policies,  they  are  numbered  52  and  53,  then  tliree  more  Renewals  are 
wanted,  they  are  numbered  54,  55,  50,  then  a  new  Policy  57,  and  so  on. 
This  plan  is  simjde,  and  is  practiced  by  the  greatest  number  of  companies. 

Model  Policies  and  EndorsementH  have  been  prepared  in  a  separate 
"  Form  Book,"  containing  a  great  num]>er  of  difi'erent  forms,  and  fully 
sup|)lying  yom-  wants  in  that  line.  The  work  is  commended  to  your 
careful  study  and  imitation  ;  it  will  be  very  generally  introduced,  and 
it  is  hoped  will  be  instrumental  in  working  a  general  concurrence  in 
Agency  Policies  throughout  the  country. 


96 

^'fkmn  Skm  mftmki  m^mm  mim^. 

Each  Policy  or  Renewal  (Fire,  Inland  or  Marine),  if  the  Premium  is 

$10  or  less,  requires  a  stamp  of .10 

If  the  i)remiuin  is  over  $10  and  not  over  $50,  25  cts. ;  if  the  premium  is  over  $50,        .50 

Assignment  of  any  Policy  requires  the  same  stamp  as  the  original  instrument, 
invariably  to  be  paid  by  the  assignor,  and  never  by  tfie  Campany. 

Open  Policies  (Fire.  Inland  or  Marine)  require  a  stamp  of       ...        .  .50 

Certilicalen  of  Insurance,  issued  upon  a  duly  stamped  Open  Policy,  .05 

Endorsements,  Permits,  Agreements,  by  which  the  terms  of  a  Policy  are  changed 

or  varied  in  any  respect,  require  stamps  of .05 

Proofs  of  I^oss. — Certificates,  5  cts.  ;  Appraisements,  each  sheet  or  piece  of 
paper,  5  cts.  ;  Powers  of  Attorney,  50  cts. ;  Agreeements,  5  cts.  ;  Protests,  25  cts.  ; 
Receipcs  for  money  paid,  2  cts. 

Parties  submitting  the  papers  must  first  stamp  them. 


Do  not  attach  and  cancel  any  stamp  until  the  Premium  is  paid,  or 
you  know  it  will  be  paid.  If  there  is  any  delay  between  the  issuance 
of  Policy  (or  Renewal)  and  collection  of  Premium,  pin  the  stamp  on  it 
and  let  it  i-est,  without  canceling,  until  the  contract  is  closed  by  the 
cash.  If  it  is  not  taken,  the  stamp  can  be  used  for  another  Policy. 
Please  do  not  return  any  Policies  or  Renewals  marked  "  Canceled — 
not  taken, '^  with  canceled  stamps  attached. 


License. — "  Any  person  who  shall  act  as  Aornt  of  any  Fire,  Marine,  Life, 

Mutual  or  other  Insurance  Company  or  Comjiauies,  shall  pay  a  license  of  10.00 

Any  i)er8on  so  acting  for  any  Fokeion  Company,  shall  i)ay 50.00 

liiceii«C!*  are  an  individual  tax,  and  are  not  paid  by  the  com]>a- 
nies.  An  established  agent  ]>iiying  liis  license  can  represent  any  number 
of  companies  under  it. 

Agents  of  the  comjjanies  are  not  Brok(>r8  unless  they  negotiate  insurance  for  parties 
and  place  it,  for  pay,  in  companies  for  which  they  are  not  agents. 

The  internal  revenue  tax  on  Gross  Ueceiits,  on  Dividends,  etc.,  is  arranged  at 
headquarters,  and  paid  by  the  Comi)any  monthly,  in  one  sum.  Agents  will  in  no  case 
make  any  returns  of  their  premiums  to  the  U.  S.  Assessors. 


97 


f^  I  n  n  A  u  V 

I '^'1  VKli.siTv   o|. 

''    CALTF()i;xtA. 

Keep  close  watch  of  these,  and  give  timely  ncJfeea-tQ_customers  of^ 
the  expiration  of  their  policies,  so  as  to  obtain  their  renewals.  Business 
once  secured  sliould  never  be  permitted  to  pass  from  your  books,  while 
it  continues  to  be  desirable,  for  want  of  diligent  attention  on  your  part. 
The  commissions  on  renewed  policies  are  just  as  good,  and  just  as  much, 
as  upon  new  ones  ? 

Renewal  of  Policy  is  made  Iry  regular  Renewal  Receipt^  and  never 
hy  Endorsement  on  the  2>olicy  itself^  except  a  particular  company  specifi- 
cally so  instruct.  The  renewal  must  be  duly  stamped,  the  same  as  a 
new  policy.  Make  no  memorandum,  entry  or  endorsement  on  the 
Renewal,  but  if  any  changes  are  agreed  upon,  note  them  on  the  Policy 
and  Record  Book,  and  then  renew  the  policy  as  changed,  reporting  such 
changes  at  the  close  of  the  month. 

Before  renewing  any  policy  satisfy  yourself,  by  inquiry  and  inspec- 
tion, that  the  risk  remains  as  when  first  taken,  in  regard  to  value, 
exposures,  occupancy  and  moral  hazard ;  and  if  any  material  changes 
have  occurred  in  any  of  these  particulars,  reduce  the  insurance,  increase 
the  rate,  or  decline  the  risk  altogether,  as  the  case  may  demand.  The 
insurance  is  "  continued  under  the  original  representation,"  and  any 
change  "  either  within  itself  or  by  adjacent  buildings,  not  made  known 
to  the  company  by  the  assured  at  the  time  of  renewal,  the  Policy  and 
Renewal  shall  be  void." 

If  a  policy  liaa  lapsed  for  a  number  of  months,  do  not  renew  it,  but  issue  a  new  one, 
and  collect  your  fee  for  the  same,  unless  some  very  satisfactory  reason  for  the  delay  exists. 
If  it  has  lapsed  a  few  days  or  weeks,  rencsw  it  for  a  year  from  tliat  day,  and  do  not  date 
it  back  to  the  time  of  expiration  ;  give  a  full  year's  insurance  for  the  year's  premium. 
Be  particular  about  this,  even  if  the  policy  has  expired  but  a  single  day.  Cover  nothing 
in  the  interim.  The  time  lapsed  would  seem  to  be  so  much  clear  gain  to  the  companies, 
but  it  might  prove  a  very  false  economy,  and  a  very  disastrous  nscujc  to  establish. 

There  is  no  Fee  for  Renewals.  The  usual  fee  for  Policy  is  $1.  This 
is  the  agent's  perquisite,  and  need  not  be  brought  into  the  account.  It 
may  be  waived  at  discretion  to  humor  a  customer  or  secure  a  risk. 


98 

mmmmt. 

Issue  no  policy  for  a  prcniiuiii  less  than  one  dollar. 

Premiums  on  lon»^-term  policies  (three  or  live  jeai*s)  are  paid  in  one 
sum  in  advance,  the  same  as  on  annual  insurance,  and  not  in  yearly 
installments. 

Do  a  cash  business.  You  will  extend  accommodations  only  on  your 
own  responsibility.  The  Companies  keep  no  accounts  with  customers, 
and  take  no  premium  notes.  But  it  may  very  often  be  expedient  and 
pi'oper  for  you  to  advance  a  premium  a  few  days  to  secure  a  good  risk 
for  some  valued  customer,  and  to  close  your  month's  business  with  a 
prompt  and  full  remittance.  Yoii  run  no  ri«k  in  so  doing.  If  the 
amount  is  not  paid  by  the  next  monthly  return,  cancel  and  send  in  the 
policy,  and  charge  the  premium  in  your  account.  No  business  can 
prosper  in  the  highest  degree  without  so)ne  investnient  of  capital,  and 
the  vocation  of  an  Insurance  Agent  is  no  exception  to  the  rule. 


Must  contain  a  full  and  accurate  transcript  of  the  written  portions  of  all 
policies  issued,  and  all  endorsements  subsequently  made  thereon.  Not 
a  mere  memorandum,  but  a  literal,  verbatim  copy,  so  that  if  the  Policy 
should  be  burned  (a  frequent  occurrence),  there  \vould  still  exist  a  true 
and  accurate  copy  of  the  contract  in  all  its  details.  The  importance  of 
this  is  not  appreciated  by  those  agents  who  first  write  the  Policy,  and 
then  enter  a  skeleton  memorandum  in  the  llecord.  As  heretofoi'e 
suggested,  the  Record  should  le  first  written  up,  and  the  Policy  carefully 
coi'iKD  from  it  word  for  xoord. 

Enter  herein  all  endorsements  of  assignment,  transfer,  change  of 
location,  change  of  firm  or  ownership,  extra  charges,  carpenter'  risks, 
additional  premium,  increased  or  diminished  insurance,  cancelhiti(»ns, 
renewals,  and  other  matters  at  the  same  time  they  are  made  on  the 
Policy. 

In  rogard  to  these  endorsements-  -short  insurances,  entries  on  0]>en 
Ptjlicios,  etc.,  it  is  (ihsolutely  essential  thai  they  he  entered  in  the  Register 
when  made,  and  reported  at  once,  as  any  delay,  even  of  an  hour,  involves 
the  liability  of  their  being  forgotten  entirely. 


00 

The  Daily  Report  is,  with  very  uiany  coin})anies,  taking  the  phice 
of  tlie  Monthly  Abstract  of  Risks.     The  Daily  Report  is  simply  a 
rei)ort  in  full  of  each  risk,  made  on  the  blank  furnished  by  the  company, 
and  fornuarded  to   headquarters   the   same   day  the  risk   is   taken  or 
renewed.     It  must  include  the  name  of  the  Agency  and  Agent,  the 
number   of  the  policy   or  renewal,   certificate   or   open   policy   entry, 
assignment  or  endorsement,  as  the  case  may  be,  a  complete  copy  of  the 
written  portion  of  the  contract,  the  amount  covered,  the  rate,  the  amount 
of  premium,  the  term,  the  date  of  expiration,  a  diagram  and  statement 
of  exposures,  a  statement  of  the  occupancy,  and  such  other  matter  as 
the  printed  blanks  may  call  for.     Each  company  has  its  own  form  of 
daily  reports,  and  each  lays  much  stress  on  the  ])articular  points  brought 
out  by  its  own  form  ;  it  is,  therefore,  necessary  that  the  wishes  of  each 
company  be  respected  in   this  particular,  and  that  a  full  and  careful 
answer  be  made  to  each  question,  and  a  faithful  filling  of  each  blank  be 
made.     On  ordinary  risks  the  daily  report  takes  the  place  of  api)lication 
and  survey,  and  conveys  to  the  company,  in  many  cases,  all   it  ever 
knows  about  the  risk  ;  it  should,  therefore,  have  a  conscientious  and 
thorough  treatment  at  the  hands  of  the  Agent. 

The  Daily  Report,  fully  and  faithfully  made,  is  a  grc^at  advautapro  to  the  agent.  It 
relievos  him,  in  many  cases,  from  much  responsil)ility  in  ref^ard  to  important  riHks,  the 
facts  beinjT  all  laid  before  the  company  for  its  decision.  It  distributes  his  labor  throuf^h 
the  month  instead  of  crowding  his  reports  into  the  last  day  ;  each  risk  being  reported  as 
taken,  the  close  of  the  month  finds  the  agent  with  only  his  account  current  and  remittance 
to  forward. 

Some  objections  have  been  urged  by  agents  against  the  Daily  Kei)ort,  l)ut  in  every 
case  thus  far,  the  objections  only  prove  the  value  of  the  plan.  Each  risk  written  or  re- 
newed should  be  reported  at  once,  whether  it  be  for  five  years  or  one  day  ;  wliether  the 
time,  the  rate  or  any  otlier  particular  l)e  oi)en  or  determined  ;  an  agent  lias  no  business  to 
close  a  contract  until  it  is  sutficiently  well  defined  to  re[)ort.  The  hour  a  company  becomes 
liable  for  a  loss,  it  may  reasonably  require  advice  of  its  eiiyagemods. 


Where  the  monthly  report  is  used  by  a  company  instead  of  the  daily, 
it  is  simply   a  copy  from   the  Record   Book  of  the  month's  business 
entered  therein.     It  should  be  made  out  on  the  last  day  of  the  month, 
7 


100 

and  written  in  a  fair,  ]»lain  liand,  giving  all  the  details  required  by  the 
printed  headings. 

ExposFRKs. — We  wish  to  invite  particular  attention  to  the  necessity 
of  repartin^  all  the  exposures  of  every  risk  in  that  portion  of  the  Return 
sheet  provided  for  that  purpose,  whether  daily  or  montlily.  Include 
everytliing  within  one  hundred  feet,  not  merely  what  adjoins,  but  all 
that  exposes  beyond  the  adjoining  buildings.  Without  a  full,  clear  and 
explicit  statement  of  exposures,  no  company  can  pass  upon  risks  intelli- 
gently. 

If  the  risk  is  out  of  burning  distance  from  all  exposures  mark  it 
Detached  or  Isolated. 

tut  atiiiBlf  itS^SI8lt  ii@^. 

Such  a  book  is  issued  by  some  companies  for  the  convenience  of 
agents  in  their  daily  transactions.  It  should  contain  entries  of  all 
moneys  received  from  policies,  renewals,  certificates,  additional  premiums, 
endorsements  on  open  policies ;  for  privileges,  for  short  risks,  or  from 
any  other  source  whatever ;  and  of  all  expenditures  on  behalf  of  the 
company.  At  the  close  of  the  month  it  can  be  balanced  by  the  agent's 
commissions  and  the  amount  of  remittance,  thus  giving  the  agent,  in  a 
permanent  form,  a  copy  of  each  account  forwarded  to  the  company. 
When  so  completed,  the  monthly  account  current  will  be  simply  a 
transcript  therefrom. 

Must  1)0  filled  up  carefully  and  completely.  Obtain  vouchers  for  all 
moneys  paid  out,  except  postages,  revenue  stamps  and  exchange,  and 
enclose  therewith.  Agency  charges  will  consist  of  your  commissions, 
postages,  policy  stamps,  express  charges  on  packages  received,  advertis- 
ing bills  when  authorized,  telegraph  charges,  taxes,  return  premiums, 
exchange  and  such  other  Dr.  items  as  may  arise. 

REMriTANCES  in  full,  to  close  monthly  accounts,  will  be  required  in 
all  cases.  Make  the  draft  payable  to  the  order  of  tJie  Company^  and 
enclose  it  with  your  account.     Remit  by   Bank  Draft,  or  Post-oftice 


101 

Money  Order,  charging  exchange  to  tlie  Company.  When  more  con- 
venient, or  the  freight  would  be  less  than  exchange,  send  funds  by 
Express ;  send  only  National  Currency  and  Greenbacks,  Some  com- 
panies have  contracts  with  the  Express  Companies  and  pay  for  all 
packages  at  headquarters ;  ascertain  the  arrangements  of  each  in  this 
respect.  Avoid  sending  money  by  mail,  where  any  other  mode  can 
possibly  be  reached.  When  that  is  the  only  recourse,  get  the  largest 
bills,  cut  them  in  two,  and  send  the  right  halves  by  one  mail  and  the 
left  by  another  a  day  or  two  later. 

Will  consist  of  the  monthly  Abstract,  where  used — the  Account  Current 
— the  Remittance — Youcliers  for  money  expended — Canceled  Policies 
and  Renewals — Mutilated  Policies  and  Renewals — Applications  for  all 
outside  and  remote  risks,  and  your  own  letters.  These  eight  always, 
and  such  other  matter  as  you  may  have  to  forward.  The  package  should 
he  in  the  mail  in  twenty-four  hours  after  the  month  closes,  and  in  no 
event  should  it  he  delayed  more  than  three  days.  So  imi)ortaiit  to  the 
agency  method  of  business  is  a  prompt  and  systematic  report,  that  any 
deviation  therefrom  will  be  a  serious  blemish  upon  the  agent  indulging 
it.  An  occasional,  unavoidable  delay,  from  sickness  or  absence,  can  be 
overlooked,  but  an  hahitual  slackness  in  forwarding  reports  is  a  fault  of 
such  magnitude,  tliat  a  resignation  will  be  deemed  the  lesser  of  two 
evils  !  This  is  not  said  in  a  captious  spirit,  but  kindly,  and  from  a  deep 
sense  of  the  importance  of  prompt  reports. 

If  no  business  has  been  done,  notify  each  Coin|>any  of  that  fact  at 
the  close  of  the  month.  They  wish  to  hear  from  each  Agency  monthly, 
in  any  event. 

All  the  l)Ooks,  papers  and  correspondence  of  your  Agency  are  private, 
and  are  not  to  be  exliibited  to  parties  not  specially  connected  witli  the 
company  to  which  they  belong. 

mm  %%mtmmim 

Will  be  fifteen  per  cent,  commissions  on  the  amount  of  premiums — less 
any  returned  premiums — also  the  policy  ($1)  and  survey  (50c.)  fees,  to 


102 

l)e  collected  from  the  assured.  The  fees,  bcinp;  perquisites,  will  not 
appear  in  jour  account,  and  may  be  waived  at  discretion  to  conciliate 
a  customer  or  secure  a  risk. 


Credit  back  full  commissions,  in  your  account,  on  the  amount  of  all 
return  premiums,  of  any  kind. 


Will  be  done  mainly  by  means  of  Cards,  Circulars,  Pamphlets,  Calendars 
and  other  printed  matter  furnished  by  the  Company.  House  plates, 
when  furnished,  should  be  conspicuously  placed  on  the  best  risks. 
Calendars  and  Blotters,  Lithographs  and  Pamphlets,  should  be  judi- 
ciously distributed  in  offices,  stores,  counting-rooms,  hotels,  etc. 

JVeivspaj}er  advertising  will  he  done  only  tqjon  specicd  authm'ity 
from  headquarters. 


Is  expensive  and  should  be  done  sparingly.  Losses  and  other  cases  of 
emergency  may  be  notified  by  telegraph,  l)ut  inquiries  in  regard  to 
risks  and  rates — unless  the  matter  has  been  the  subject  of  full  prior 
correspondence — is  usually  a  waste  of  money  and  a  failure  to  obtain 
satisfaction,  and  unless  the  risk  is  a  very  considerable  one,  the  telegrams 
to  and  fro  will  consume  a  large  percentage  of  the  premium.  Rely  upon 
the  mail  for  all  ordinary  transactions.  Prepay  all  dispatches  and  charge 
in  your  account. 


103 


A  prompt,  eipiitalde  and  liberal  treatment  of  losses  eliaracterizes  the 
standard  insurance  coni])anies  of  this  country. 

In  cases  of  importance  or  intricacy,  adjusters  are  usually  sent  to  make 
the  settlement,  but  small  and  plain  cases  may  be  adjusted  through  the 
agent  by  correspondence  with  headcpiarters.  When  a  loss  occurs  notify 
the  Company  at  once.  If  a  case  of  importance  telegraph  the  number 
of  the  policy  and  the  probable  amount  of  loss.  Commit  the  companies 
to  no  particular  line  of  action,  but  until  advices  are  received,  let  your 
efforts  be  directed  to  ascertain  the  facts  diwA  protect  the  property. 

I.  Or'ujin  of  the  Fire. — Develop  by  every  means  all  that  can  be 
ascertained  in  regard  to  the  cause  of  the  fire  ;  whether  it  was  the  result 
(.f  accident,  carelessness  or  design  :  whether  any  unusual  circumstances 
or  appearances  ;  any  indications  of  spontaneous  combustion  ;  when  first 
discovered  and  by  whom  ;  whether  any  threats  had  been  made. 

II.  The  Character,  Sta7hding  and  Circu7nstances  of  the  Assured; 
whether  involved,  embarrassed,  desperate  ;  whether  making  or  losing 
money  ;  whether  ever  burned  out  before,  and  if  so,  whether  then  in- 
sured. 

III.  The  Property;  whether  over-valued,  unprofitable,  unoccupied, 
in  litigation,  leased,  of  mixed  ownership ;  whether  any  recent  sale  or 
otters  to  sell.  If  merchandise,  whether  a  full  or  low  stock.  If  any 
stealing  at  or  after  the  fire — get  particulars. 

IV.  The  l7isurance;  whether  any  other;  how  much,  and  in  what 
companies;  whether  books  and  papers  were  saved. 

Urder  no  circumstances  whatever  will  you  make  any  change  or 
entry  on  a  policy  after  a  fire.  Let  the  whole  matter  of  insurance  rest 
precisely  as  the  fire  finds  it ;  give  no  consent  to  other  insurance,  change 
of  title  or  location,  assignment  or  other  matter  whatever. 

D.V3IAOED  Goods  must  be  put  in  order  at  once,  and  the  sound 
separated  from  them.  This  is  the  duty  of  the  assured,  but  if  he  refuses 
to  attend  to  it,  and  delay  will  increase  the  damage,  have  it  attended  to 


104 


yourself — you  are  entitled  to  free  access  to  tlic  goods  for  that  puri)ose, 
and  the  owner  cannot  debar  you — but  if  delay  will  do  no  harm,  defer 
action  for  advice  or  the  ai-rival  of  an  adjuster.  Damages  on  hardware, 
cutlery,  stove,  tin  and  iron  stocks,  from  their  liability  to  rust,  should  be 
made  the  subjects  of  immediate 


But  dry  goods,  clotliing  and  similar  stocks  should  be  first  handled, 
spread,  dried  and  cleaned.  Claimants  frequently  aim  to  make  the  worst 
possible  showing ;  while  the  companies  want  only  exact  justice,  they 
are  entitled  to  counteract  this  action  by  developing  the  good  })oints  in 
the  salvage,  and  must  rely  upon  their  agents  to  protect  their  just  rights 
and  defend  them  from  extortion. 

Never  suffer  wet  goods  to  be  piled  up  and  neglected,  to  heat,  mildew 
and  stain,  when  spreading  and  handling  will  do  them  any  good. 

If  it  becomes  necessary  to  remove  goods  to  another  building,  see 
that  none  are  spirited  aw^ay  or  subjected  to  further  damage. 

In  selecting  appraisers,  the  assured  chooses  one  and  the  company  the 
other.  Aim  to  get  upright  and  intelligent  men  who  are  posted  in  regard 
to  the  particular  property  needing  attention,  and  let  the  appraisement 
proceed  in  detail  upon  each  piece  or  lot  of  damaged  property,  and 
never  in  a  lumping,  jumping  manner.  It  may  sometimes  be  necessary — 
if  you  observe  a  grasping  and  unfair  spirit  on  the  part  of  claimants  and 
their  appraiser — to  put  your  man  on  his  guard  against  imposition.  All 
the  companies  demand  is  fair,  square,  straightforward  dealing  ;  but  that 
cannot  always  be  secured  without  vigilance. 

Let  the  aj/jji'disers  stick  to  the  dmnages  and  not  wander  out  of  their 
jurisdiction.  They  are  authorized  to  make  an  appraisement  or  estimate 
of  the  injury  to  the  jyroperty  hefore  ihem^  saved  in  a  damaged  condition, 
and  noihiny  else.  All  such  items  as  "  cost  of  removal,"  "  i>aid  for 
watchman,"  "  articles  missing,"  and  the  like,  are  wholly  inadmissible, 
and  an  Agent  who  understands  himself  and  his  duties  will  never 
accept  an  appraisement  containing  them.  Once  inserted,  the  claimant 
has  a  color  of  reason  for  their  allowance  "  because  the  appraisers  say  so,^^ 
when  the  appraisers  really  had  no  right  to  say  anything  about  them. 


105 

If  the  items  are  proper,  tliey  will  be  allowed  by  the  adjuster,  but  the 
appraisers  need  not  burden  themselves  with  needless  labor  outside  tlieir 
legitimate  duties.     An  aj>2> raise /nent  is  not  an  arhitration. 

On  such  property  as  will  be  further  damaged  by  delay,  appraisement 
should  be  made  immediately,  and  it  is  expected  that  agents  will  take 
the  responsibility  of  determining  and  acting  in  such  cases  ;  always 
remembering  that  the  appraisemerit  concerns  only  the  damaijes  to 
property,  and  is  to  effect  no  other  questions  whatever  within,  or  relating 
to  the  insurance. 

Walls  and  other  portions  of  damaged  buildings  should  be  looked 
after.  Sometimes  a  few  shingles,  promptly  applied,  saves  heavy  damages 
from  drenching  rains  ;  or  a  prop,  judiciously  set,  saves  a  wall  from  being 
blown  down. 

If  any  insured  goods  have  been  totally  destroyed,  a  complete  invoice, 
at  cost  price,  must  be  made  of  all  that  have  been  saved,  sound  or 
damaged  (but  if  none  are  totally  burned,  as  in  water  damage,  removals, 
etc.,  only  the  damaged  goods  need  be  invoiced).  This  must  be  done 
before  the  adjustment  can  proceed,  and  parties  can  economize  time  by 
attending  to  it  in  the  interim  before  the  adjuster  arrives.  Improve  this 
manipulation  to  have  the  goods  well  handled,  straightened  and  put  in 
the  best  possible  order  preparatory  to  the  appraisement.  Invoice  the 
sound  and  damaged  goods  separately,  each  by  themselves,  for  the 
greater  convenience  of  appraisers.  As  soon  as  the  sound  goods  are 
invoiced  the  owner  may  dispose  of  them  as  he  sees  proper ;  pro\Tided 
you  are  satisfied  the  invoice  is  true  and  correct,  and  that  no  fraud  has 
been  practiced  to  make  the  amount  of  saved  goods  appear  smaller  than 
it  really  is.  And  as  soon  as  the  damaged  are  fully  appraised  they  are 
likewise  at  his  disposal,  but  the  companies  reserve  the  right  to  take  the 
damaged  articles  at  their  appraised  value  :  this  will  seldom  be  done, 
but  may  be  resorted  to  as  an  offset  to  improper  valuations,  or  excessive 
and  unjust  estimates  of  damage. 

There  is  no  Abandonment  in  fire  insurance.  Except  in  the  circum- 
stances just  named  the  insurers  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  ruins  but  to 
pay  the  damage  thereon.  The  property  is  the  assured's  ;  he  has  all  the 
responsibilities  as  well  as  rights  of  ownership,  and  must  give  it  proper 
care  and  attention  at  his  peril ;  insurers  make  good  no  loss  or  damage 
arising  from  his  willful  neglect  or  carelessness  after  the  fire. 


106 

Never  close  a  loss  claiin  witlioiit  S])e<Miil  aiitliority  to  do  so  after  lull 
investigation  and  c<)rresj)uiulence.  Agents  are  not  authorized  to  pay 
out  money  nor  draw  drafts  on  the  companies  for  that  pui-pose.  Feverish 
haste,  on  the  part  of  a  claimant,  to  hoAie  a  loss  closed  quickly,  iisiially 
vieans  something,  and  should  have  ample  time  to  define  itself.  Undue 
anxiety  on  tfie  j^df't  f>f  (t,n  Agent  indicates  inexperience.  All  fair  losses 
will  he  promptly  paid,  and  the  past  record,  no  less  than  the  ])resent 
proud  standing  of  American  Insurance  Companies,  is  sufficient  guarantee 
of  their  continued  honorahle  dealing. 

Always  rememher  that  the  good  points  in  a  loss  case  invariahly  come 
out  of  themselves,  while  the  objectionable  features  have  a  natural  tendency 
to  shun  observation,  and  therefore  need  to  be  searched  for.  If  a  case  is 
right,  scrutiny  will  d(»  it  no  harm;  if  it  is  not  right,  it  needs  it;  therefore 
a  proj)er  investigation  should  always  be  insisted  upon ;  not  for  the  pur- 
l)Ose  of  quibbling  over  the  loss,  but  to  arrive  at  exact  facts  and  an  ()i)en, 
intelligible  settlement. 

Blank  forms  for  proofs  of  loss  will  be  furnished  by  the  companies; 
but  if  a  case  excites  your  slightest  suspicion,  or  is,  for  any  reason,  not 
entirely  satisfactory,  do  not  give  them  out.  Every  facility  and  assistance 
will  be  furnished  to  honest  claimants,  but  companies  must  not  help  to 
make  fraud  upon  themselves  plain  or  easy.  The  difficulty  encountered 
by  a  rogue  in  getting  up  his  proofs  has  often  furnislicd  the  means  for 
thwartinir  his  fraudulent  desiij:;ns. 


Ijicendiarism  is,  at  once,  the  most  devilish  and  the  most  secret  of 
crimes.  Usually  the  wretch  who  commits  it  destroys  the  evidence  of  his 
guilt  at  the  very  time  he  consummates  it,  making  detection  exceedingly 
difficult.  The  difficulties  of  the  crime,  however,  have  aroused  those  who 
have  to  deal  with  it  to  commensurate  effi)rts  for  its  punishment,  and 
Agents  are  recommended  to  correspond  freely  with  their  Companies 
whenever  their  interests  are  affected  by  this  atrocious  felony. 

Frequently  prompt  rewards  will  lead  to  detection,  and  it  is  well  for 
Agents  to  be  advised,  in  advance,  of  the  plans  of  their  Companies  in 
regard  to  this  matter. 


107 


im  ^mm'f  m  mmmMm. 

"  Iiisiinince  iiuiy  justly  l)e  deemed  one  of  the  noblest  creations  of 
huniiiu  genius.  From  a  lofty  lieii;lit  it  surveys  and  [>roteets  the  eoni- 
merce  of  the  world.  It  scans  the  heavens;  it  conBults  the  seasons;  it 
interroi^ates  the  ocean,  and,  regardless  of  its  terrors  or  caprice,  defines  its 
perils  and  circumscribes  its  storms.  It  extends  its  cares  to  every  part  of 
the  habitable  globe;  studies  the  usage  of  every  nation;  explores  every 
coast;  sounds  every  harbor.  To  the  science  of  politics  it  directs  a  sleep- 
less attention ;  it  enters  the  council  of  monarchs — watches  the  delibera- 
tions of  statesmen,  weighs  their  motives,  and  penetrates  their  designs. 
Founding  on  these  vast  materials  its  skillfid  calculations,  secure  of  the 
result,  it  thus  addresses  the  hesitating  merchant,  '  dismiss  your  anxiety 
and  fears ;  these  are  misfortunes  that  humanity  may  deplore,  but  cannot 
prevent  or  alleviate.  Such  are  not  the  disasters  you  dread  to  encounter. 
Trust  in  me  and  they  shall  not  reach  you.  Summon  all  your  resources, 
put  forth  all  your  skill,  and  with  unfaltering  courage,  pursue  your 
adventures.  Succeed,  your  riches  are  enlarged;  fail,  they  shall  not  be 
dinunished.  My  wealth  shall  supply  your  loss.  Kely  on  me,  and,  for 
your  sake,  at  my  bidding,  the  arm  of  your  enemies  shall  be  paralyzed, 
and  the  dangers  of  the  ocean  or  the  flaming  pile  cease  to  exist.'  The 
merchant  listens,  obeys,  and  is  rewarded.  Thousands  tempted  by  his 
success,  follow  his  exam})le.  Those  whom  it  had  long  separated,  the 
ocean  now  unites.  The  quarters  of  the  world  approach  eacii  other,  and 
are  bound  by  the  permanent  ties  of  mutual  interests  and  inutual  benefits. 
—  Co?n.  Law  oj"  the  World. 

mmiw  if  iii^i. 

Agency  Companies  usually  give  each  agency  the  l)cnefit  of  a  visit, 
once  or  twice  a  year,  by  some  one  from  head(juarters,  and,  to  get  the 
greatest  good  from  these  visits,  agents  should  be  prepared  for  them. 
Keep  a  memorandum  of  questions  to  be  asked,  of  knotty  points  to  be 


108 

solved,  of  particular  risks  to  be  talked  al)out,  of  hard  customers  to  he 
visited  and  converted,  and  of  insurance  conundrums  generally,  and  get 
tlie  most  you  can  out  of  the  Special  Agent  when  he  makes  his  appear- 
ance !  If  books  and  records  are  up  to  date,  and  ])apers  and  files  in  order, 
the  examination  of  risks  will  be  expedited  and  your  own  good  reputation 
gain  additional  strength.  A  thorough  review  of  your  risks  occasionally 
will  be  of  great  benefit  to  yourself  as  well  as  the  Company. 

There  is  more  real  injustice  to  insurers,  under  a  more  plausible 
guise,  in  this  species  of  tribute  than  in  almost  any  other  extorted  I'rom 
them  !  The  plea  that  Insurers  are  ''  more  interested  "  than  others,  and 
sliould  ]iay  by  dh'ect  contrihutum ^  is  practically  untrue.  A  good  de- 
partment reduces  the  rates  of  insurance,  and  tJms  the  underwriters  ]>ay 
their  share.  There  would  be  the  same  propriety  in  subsidizing  insurers 
for  the  fire-walls  or  slate  roofs  of  citizens,  upon  the  plea  of  preventing 
conflagrations  in  which  underwriters  might  be  interested. 

In  one  sense  a  department  is  not  a  benefit  to  the  underwriters  ;  as 
when  it  reduces  the  rates,  or  so  increases  the  sense  of  security  in  a  com- 
munity as  to  induce  many  to  insure  less,  and  some  to  insure  nothing. 
And  yet  we  believe  in  a  good  fire  department,  and  in  keeping  on  the 
right  side  of  it ;  but,  as  toe  ])ay  our  share  in  7'educed  rates,  we  must  be 
chary  of  donations. 

The  best  that  can  be  said  of  these  donations  is,  that  they  advertise  a 
company,  or  rather,  that  they  prevent  it  from  being  "  advertised  "  in  a 
hurtful  way ;  for,  "  if  they  are  net  made,  local  antagonisms  may  be 
excited  and  enemies  created  ;  "  so  that  the  question  about  resolves  itself 
into  the  doubtful  one  of  expediency,  or  possible  black-mail ! 

The  hardship  of  which  insurers  have  a  right  to  complain  is  this,  that 
wlien,  by  reduced  rates  or  diminished  business,  they  have  already  paid 
indirectly  to  a  department,  they  should  be  constantly  called  on  for  direct 
contribution  to  its  support.  The  de})artment  helongs  to  the  town,  is 
gotten  u})  hy  the  town,  and  for  the  town,  and  should  be  sujyported  by 
the  town,  and  it  will  be  so  supported :  there  is  no  real  necessity  for 
a])plying  to  insurance  companies. 


109 

Agents  whose  allegiance  is  stronger  to  their  t(j\vn  than  to  their  com- 
panies will  combat  tliese  ideas,  and  i)lead  for  the  local  Departments; 
bnt  agents  whose  first  love  is  to  the  companies  that  have  conhded  their 
interests  to  them,  will  appreciate  and  practice  upon  them,  and  so  manage 
as  to  relieve  their  companies  from  these  vexatious  applications. 

Keep  your  companies  posted  on  all  the  insurance  legislation  of  your 
State,  so  they  may  note  the  changes.  They  are  a  law-abiding  people, 
and  althougii  each  State  insists  upon  calling  the  companies  of  sister 
States  "foreign,"  and  exhibits  great  ingenuity  in  devising  burdens 
grievous  to  be  borne,  yet  they  lio})e  to  work  in  harmony  witli  the  local 
recpiirements  at  your  agency  as  elsewhere.  All  the  documents  for  the 
annual  compliance  are  made  up  at  headquarters  and  forwarded  promptly 
as  the  several  statutes  require. 


Documents  are  always  on  hand  for  the  supply  of  agents,  and  must 
be  ordered  when  needed.  Full  hsts  are  usually  furnished,  on  which  you 
can  make  out  orders  for  what  are  wanted.  Before  sending  for  supplies 
examine  your  stock  on  hand  and  order  all  you  need  for  several  months. 
Some  agents  have  a  way  of  ordering  a  few  bhjtters,  then  a  few  cards, 
then  some  policies,  and  so  on,  making  the  trouble  and  expense  of  several 
packages  instead  of  one. 

Bear  in  mind  that  undercutting  is  not  underwriting.  An  active, 
manly  competition  is  healthy,  but  underbidding  in  rates  is  a  stab  at  the 
vitals  of  the  business.  If  there  is  a  local  board  in  your  town  adhere  to 
its  rates;  if  there  is  none,  use  your  best  endeavors  to  have  one  organized. 

Decline  insurance  for  transient  persons,  Sutlers,  Pedlars,  Traveling 
Auctioneers,  Transient  Clothing  Merchants,  whether  Jews  or  others— 
and  all  persons  in  a  temporary  or  moval)le  business.  This  is  a  general 
rule  of  safety  that  is  amply  justified  by  large  experience. 


110 

Mixed  uwiicrsliips  and  interests  often  produce  trouljle  to  insurers.  A 
niortga<i;ee,  a  niort<^Hj^or,  a  trustee,  a  consignee,  a  lessee,  an  agent,  a 
vendor,  wlio  has  contracted  to  convey  but  not  given  title,  each  has  an 
insurable  interest.  And  several  parties  may  thus  have  policies  upon  tlie 
same  property  witliout  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  the  several  under- 
writers. Wdtc/i  for  such  cases  and  a/void  thenij  as  containing  dangerous 
elcjucnts  to  insurers. 


"  By  a  material  fact  is  meant  one  which,  if  coinmunicate<l  to  the 
underwriter,  would  influence  his  action  to  induce  either  declining  an  in- 
surance altogether  or  not  to  accept  it  unless  at  a  higher  rate  of  ])rcmium 
or  under  (pialitications  and  restrictions." — Angell  on  Iiimirance,  ^2\\. 


IIS," 

In  insurance  parlance  a  ''line"  is  the  limit  of  insurance  on  (>nc  par- 
ticular risk.  Small  lines  indicate  ])rudence;  large  lines  greater  alulity 
or  greater  boldness. 


Fraud  is  an  element  that  vitiates  all  contracts  that  partake  of  it.  In 
no  contra(;t  is  one  party  more  completely  at  the  mercy  of  another  than 
the  underwriter  in  insurance.  He  is  necessarily  ignorant  of  facts  and 
circumstances  that  may  be  vital  to  the  risk,  and  hence  open  to  the  fraud 
of  designing  men  who  may  withhold  or  misrepresent  "  material  facts." 

Do  not  insert  this  term  in  Fire  Policies.  You  cannot  afford  to  insure 
a  half  dozen  parties  for  one  premium,  and — unlike  marine — the  property 
and  parties  are  so  situated  that  each  can  be  protected  by  separate  in- 
surances, or  if  they  cannot  be,  that  is  their  misfortune  and  not  yours. 

Prove  your  faith  in  your  companies  l)y  insuring  your  own  property 
in  them.  As  a  delicacy  is  generally  felt  about  writing  a  ])olicy  on  one's 
own  ])roperty,  the  agent  can  send  an  application  to  the  company  and 
have  his  policy  written  at  headquarters,  remitting  for  the  same — less  his 
commissions — with  his  next  monthly  account. 


Ill 


(&hwt^  0(  §\[M\\\p, 


Tlie  classification  of  buildings  most  commonly  accepted  among  the 
companies,  and  probably  the  best  for  practical  purposes,  is  designated 
by  the  first  four  letters  of  the  alphabet : 

Cla§s  A  is  fire-proof  from  the  outside  in  every  respect  ;  having  no 
wood  work  exposed ;  being  of  Brick  or  Stone,  with  heavy 
fire-walls  ;  metal,  slate  or  tile  roof;  cornice,  if  any,  of  metal 
or  stone ;  and  the  doors  and  shutters  over  all  openings^ 
front  and  rear,  made  of  heavy  iron. 

da§s  It  is  the  next  best  construction,  being  similar  to  Class  A, 
except  in  the  iron  doors  and  shutters.  It  is  cnstomary, 
however,  to  class  ordinary  brick,  metal-'roofcd  buildings  as 
B,  even  if  the  fire-walls  are  not  relial)le.      (See  BIl  below.) 

Class  C  is  the  ordinary  style  of  Brick  or  Stone  building,  with  shingle 
or  composition  roof. 

Class  D  is  a  Wooden  buildinsr. 


Besides  these,  DD,  (X'  and  lU*  may  sometimes  be  used  to  advantage : 

DD  is  a  wooden  building,  with  metal,  slate  or  tile  roof. 

CC  is  a  brick  building,  with  roof  partly  metal,  or  the  better  sort  of  gravel 
roofing,  good  walls,  and  no  wooden  cornice — almost  a  B. 

BB  is  a  B  building,  with  some  iron  shutters,  good  fire-walls,  and 
otherwise  of  superior  construction — closely  allied  to  Class  A 
in  regard  to  safety. 


INDEX. 


PXGB 

Abandonment 105 

AbbreviationB,  avoid 87 

Academies ^ 

Account  of  Stock 15 

Account  Current  Book 100 

Advertising 102 

Agents'  Inquiries 13, 14 

Agents'  Own  Property HO 

Agricultural  Implement  Works 29 

Alcohol  Stille 40 

Alterations  and  Repairs 33 

Applications  Indispensable 10,  14,  77 

Application  and  Survey 26,  77 

Appraisements 104 

Approximate  Annual  Rates 71 

Ashes 12 

Assignments S9 

Average  Clause ^4 

Bagging  Factories 29 

"        in  Bales 29 

Bakeries  30 

Bark  and  Bark  Mills <»<> 

Bams  and  Stables,  Private 9 

"  "         Tavern  and  Omnibus 49 

"  "         Livery 50 

Barrel  Factories 30 

Basis  Rates 7 

Bedding  and  Curtains 12 

"  Mattress  Makers (39 

Bell  Foundries 31 

Billiard  Table  Makers 55 

Blacksmith  Shops 30 

Blanket  Policies 93 

Blank  Loss  Proofs  106 

Blocks,  Omnibus 16 

"       and  Ranges — Stores  16, 17 

"  "  Dwellings 9 

Boats  in  Port  and  Repairing 31 

Book  Binderies 32 

Box  Makers 56 

Brass  Foundries 31 

Breweries  and  Malthonses 32 

Brick  Flues,  Chimneys,  &c 10 

Bridges  and  Piers 33 


PAOS 

Bucket  Factories 56 

Builders'  Risks 38 

Buildings  or  Contents  Preferable 80 

Cabinet  Factories  (steam) 34 

"        Shops  (hand) 34 

Cancellation 92 

Candle  &  Soap  Factories W 

Candy  Manufactories 34 

Carburetters 24 

Carpenters'  Shops 84 

"  Risks 33 

Carpet  Factories 70 

Carriages  on  Wheels 35 

Cash  Business 98 

Causes  of  Loss 10 

Chimneys,  Flues,  &c 10 

Churches 35 

Classiflcation  of  Buildings Ill 

Coach  and  Carriage  Shops 35 

"  "         and  Car  Factories  (steam)  36 

Coal  Oil  ..   .     58 

Coffee,  Spice  and  Drug  Mills 65 

Colleges 28 

Commissions 101 

Communications 79 

Competition 23, 109 

Composition  Roofs 79 

Confectioners'  Stocks 34 

Conglomerate  Hazards 27 

Construction 78 

Contingent  Interests 86 

Continuous  Roofs 79 

Cooper  Shops  (steam) 80 

"  "      (handwork) 86 

Copperplate  Printers 60 

Copper  and  Tin  Shops 67 

Com  in  Cribs 9 

Corner  Buildings 80 

Cornices 79 

Cotton  Gins 87 

"       in  Press 37 

"       Mills 36 

"       Warehouses  and  Sheds 38 

Country  Stores 18 


114 


Court  HouBCB,  County  Buildings 38 

Cnrricre  and  Leatlicr  Drcssern 67 

Curtains  and  Bedding 12 

Daily  Reports .99 

Damaged  Goods 103 

Defective  Flues,  Stovepipes,  &c 28 

Diagrams 82,83,84 

Distilling  forbidden 32 

Dietillerieg 40 

Documents,  Supplies 109 

Doors  and  Shutters  (Iron) 79 

Dnig  Stores 30 

Drug,  Spice  and  Coffee  Mills 65 

Dry  Groods  and  Groceries 13 

Drying  Kilns,  Drying  Houses ...  34,  47,  55,  60,  65 

Dwelling  Risks 8 

Dwellings  in  Blocks  and  Ranges 9 

Elevators 40 

Endorsements 89 

Expirations 97 

Explosions 19,  31 

Exposures 27,  81,  100 

Express  Warranties 88 

External  Exposure 81 

Fair  Grounds 42 

Farm  Property 9 

Fire  Departments— Donations 108 

"    Test 54 

"    Walls 78 

Firehoards 11 

Firt-works 43 

Five  Year  Rates 8 

Flax  and  Hemp  Mills 43 

Floating  Policies 94 

Flour  Mills 44 

Flues,  Chimneys,  &c 10,  28 

"  For  Whom  it  may  Concern  " 110 

Former  Fires 27 

Foundries 46 

Frame  Makers 56 

Frame  Ranges 17 

Fraud 110 

Fraudulent  Claims 106 

Fnmitnrc  Risks 13,  46 

Gas  Burners,  Gas  Meters 12 

Gasoline  Gas 88 

Glossary 25 

"       Stoves 25 

Glassworks 46 

Globe  Lamps 46 


Golden  Rules 

(Jrain  Warehouses. 


PIOK 

..    5 
.    40 


Hay  Barns  and  Presses 47 

Ileatintc  Journals   27 

Hemp  mid  Flux  Mills 43 

"      Yards 47 

Hop  Houses 47 

Hot  Air  Furnaces 11 

Hotels  and  Taverns 48 

"        are  Special  Hazards 49 

How  to  make  a  Diagram 82 

Incendiary  Threats 27,  38,  45 

Insurable  Interest 110 

Internal  Dangers  and  Securities 85 

"         Revenue  Duties 96 

Introduction  3 

Iron  Doors  and  Shutters 79 

Iron  Furnaces 61 

Itinerants 109 


Jails . 


30 


Kindlings 12 

Kerosene 12 

"        Lamps 27 

Lami)  Explosions 12 

Lard  Oil 62 

''     Rendering 57 

Leases 49 

Leather  Dressers  and  Carriers 67 

Licenses 96 

Lightning 9 

"  Rods 2T 

Lines 22,  28, 110 

Liquor  Stores 50 

Livery  Stables. .    ..   50 

Locomotive  Works 51 

Losses 103 

Lost  Documents 91 

Lumber  Yards  61 

Machine  Shops 51 

Malt  Houses,  and  Breweries 32 

Matches 12 

"  Material  to  the  Risk  " 110 

Mattress  Manufacturers 69 

Mercantile  Risks 18 

Miscellaneous  Items 107 

Model   l)iaj;riims 83,  81 

Monthly  Account  Current 100 

"        Returns 99,  101 


115 


Moral  Aspect  of  Frame  Ranj^es 17 

"      Hazard 85 

Mortgage  Insurance  52,  90 

Mutilated  Docnmente 94 

Nail  Works 01 

Non-Concurrent  Policies 88,  94 

"  Non-Explosive  Oils  " 54 

Numbering  of  Policies,  Renewals,  &c 95 

ObscrvatoriciJ  and  Skj'lights 79 

Occupancy 80 

Oil  Mills 52 

"  Refineries,  Yards  and  Warehouses 53 

"  and  I^mp  Stores 54 

Oils,  "  Non-Explosive  " 54 

Omniburt  Blocks 16 

Open  Lights 27 

Ordinary  Application 77 

Organ  and  Melodeon  Makers 55 

Origin  of  Fire 103 

Other  Insurance 28,88 

Owners 87 

Paper  Hangings  Factories 55 

"      Mills 54 

Partial  Cancellation 92 

Patterns    •. 46 

Photograph  Galleries 56 

Piano  and  Organ  Factories 55 

Piers  and  Bridges , .    33 

Pipeholes,  Pipes,  &c 11,  28 

Planing  Mills 56 

Plate  Glass 80 

Plow  and  Wagon  Shops 35 

Policies  and  Policy  Writing 87 

Pork  Houses 57 

Potteries 59 

Powder  and  Powder  Mills 59 

Premiums 98 

Preservation  of  Property 105 

Printed  Conditions  of  Policy  Inviolate 9 

Printing  Offices GO 

Private  ReportB 26 

Qnartz  and  Stamp  MillB 65 

Railroad  Bridges 33 

"       Property 61 

Rates 7,  15 

Record  Books 98 

Re-Insurance 90 

Remittances 100 

Remote  Store  Riske 18 


PAOK 

Renewals 97 

Kent  Insurance 60 

Repairs  and  Alterations 33 

Return  Commissions  102 

"         of  Premium 90,  92 

Review  of  Risks 107 

Rolling  Mills 61 

Roofs 78 

Rope  Factories 62 

"     Walks 62 

Sagging 28,  44 

Salt  Works 62 

Sash  and  Blind  Factories 56 

Saw  Mills  (>3 

School  Houses,  Seminaries 28 

Scuttles  and  Stairs 70 

Settling  Walls 28 

Sheet  Iron  Shops 67 

Short  Rates 19,57 

"         "    on  Long  Term  Policies 20 

"  "    Intrinsically  Right 20 

"      Rate  Table 21 

"     Risks  on  Buildings 20 

Shutters  and  Doors  (Iron) 79 

Skylights  and  Observatories 79 

Slaughter  Houses 58 

Smoking  Meat 58 

Smut  Machines 44 

Soap  and  Candle  Factories 64 

Soft-Wood  Workers 86 

Special  Hazards  Unprofitable 6,  28 

"       and  Manufacturing  Applications 78 

"        Manufacturing      and      Miscellaneous 

Hazards 26 

Specifications 28,  51,  88 

Spice,  Coflee  and  Drug  Mills 65 

Spirit  of  Insurance 107 

Spontaneous  Combustion 27 

Stables  and  Barns— Private 9 

"  "        Tavern  and  Omnibus —  49 

"  "         Livery 50 

Stamp  and  Quartz  Mills 65 

Stamps  and  Internal  Revenue % 

Standard  Elevator 41 

Starch  Factories .  •  65 

State  Laws,  Compliance  with 109 

Stave  Factories  30 

Steamboat  Rates 31 

Steamers  in  Port  and  Repairing 31 

Stercotypers 69 

Storage  and  Warehouse  Risks 18 

Stores 13 

"       and  StorehouBes 15 


116 


max 

Stores  in  Blocks 16 

Stoves,  Stovepipes 11,28 

Sugar  Refineries 66 

Supplies,  Documents     109 

Surveys 78 

Tanneries 66 

Tnverns*  and  Hotels 48 

TeloKraphing 102 

Terra  Cotta  Works 59 

Time  Table 22 

Tin  Slu)ps 67 

Tobacco  Barns 67 

"       Factories 07 

' '        Stemmeries 68 

Transfers 69 

Troy  Fire 8 

Trunk  Makers,  Wood 66 

Twine  Factories #  -  -  -  ^^ 

T3pe  Foundries 69 

Unoccupied  Buildings 69 

Upholsterers 69 


PAOI 

Values,  Valuations 14,  26,  88 

Verbal  Contracts.  Avoid 91 

Vessels  in  Port  and  Repairing 31 

Village  Property 9 

Wagon  and  Plow  Shops 36 

Wall  Paper  Factories 55 

Warehouse  and  Storage  Risks 18 

"  Rates 19 

Warranties 88 

Watchmen 27,  36 

"  Moral  Hazard  of 86 

Water  Casks 27 

Whisky  in  Bond 18,  50 

Frauds 18,  CA) 

Wine  and  Liquor  Stores 50 

Wood  and  Stave  Yards 51 

Wooden  Boxes 27,  44 

"       Cornices 79 

"        Fire-Boards 11 

Woolen  Mills 70 

Wrapping-Paper  Mills  55 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
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